[go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Dark triad

The dark triad is a psychological theory of personality, first published by Delroy L. Paulhus and Kevin M. Williams in 2002,[1] that describes three notably offensive, but non-pathological personality types: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism, and sub-clinical psychopathy.[2][3][4][5] Each of these personality types is called dark because each is considered to contain malevolent qualities.[2][6][7][8]

Illustration of the triad

All three dark triad traits are conceptually distinct although empirical evidence shows them to be overlapping. They are associated with a callous–manipulative interpersonal style.[9]

High scores in these traits have been found to statistically increase a person's likelihood to commit crimes, cause social distress, and create severe problems for organizations, especially if they are in leadership positions.[15] They also tend to be less compassionate, agreeable, empathetic, and satisfied with their lives, and less likely to believe they and others are good.[16] However, the same traits are also associated with some positive outcomes, such as mental toughness and being more likely to embrace challenges.[17]

A factor analysis found that among the big five personality traits, low agreeableness is the strongest correlate of the dark triad, while neuroticism and a lack of conscientiousness were associated with some of the dark triad members.[12] Research indicates that there is a consistent association between changes in agreeableness and the dark triad traits over the course of an individual's life.[18]

History

edit
See also: History of narcissism and History of psychopathy

In 1998, John McHoskey, William Worzel, and Christopher Szyarto provoked a controversy by claiming that narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are more or less interchangeable in normal samples.[19] Delroy L. Paulhus and McHoskey debated these perspectives at a subsequent American Psychological Association conference, inspiring a body of research that continues to grow in the published literature. Paulhus and Kevin Williams found enough behavioral, personality, and cognitive differences between the traits to suggest that they were distinct constructs; however, they concluded that further research was needed to elucidate how and why they overlap.[2] While some psychologists argue that Machiavellianism seems to be indistinguishable from psychopathy and that scales of Machiavellianism seem to measure the psychopathy construct,[20] there is enough evidence to suggest that they are two separate traits, as Paulhus notes that psychopaths are impulsive and careless, which is opposed to the behavior of High Machs who are calculating and plan for the long term.[2]

Components

edit

The dark triad traits have significant theoretical and empirical overlap. All three traits share characteristics such as a lack of empathy,[21] interpersonal hostility,[22] and interpersonal offensiveness.[23]

A number of measures have been developed to measure all three dark triad traits simultaneously, such as the Dirty Dozen[24] and the Short Dark Triad (SD3).[25] Most of these measures are questionnaire-style and either self-response or observer-response (e.g., ratings from supervisors or coworkers as measured by the Dark Informant-Rated Triad [DIRT][26]). Both methods can prove problematic when attempting to measure any socially-aversive trait. Self-responders may be motivated to lie,[27] and with observer responses—particularly for Machiavellianism—individuals who are skilled at deceiving and manipulating others should be perceived as low in deceptiveness and manipulation by others, resulting in inaccurate ratings.[27]

One study claimed that the Dirty Dozen gives mixed results on the construct validity of previous studies done on it. To show this, the study used a sample of over 3000 people and measured the convergent validity of the traits to other measures and questionnaires. They then used the Item Response Theory to analyze all of the results. This showed that there was an uneven distribution in the traits and that the scale was better at revealing Machiavellianism and psychopathy than narcissism.[28]

Despite these challenges and the acknowledged commonalities among the dark triad traits, there is evidence that the three traits are distinct.

Narcissism

edit

Individuals who score high on narcissism display grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, and superiority.[29] Narcissism has been found to correlate positively with extraversion and openness and negatively with agreeableness.[2][30] Narcissism has also been found to have a significant correlation with psychopathy.[31]

Assessment of narcissism required clinical interviews until the popular Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was created by Raskin and Hall in 1979.[32] Since the NPI, several other measures have emerged which attempt to provide self-report alternatives for personality disorder assessment.[33] In addition, new instruments have been developed to study pathological narcissism[34] as opposed to grandiose narcissism, which is what many argue the NPI measures.[35][36]

Machiavellianism

edit

People who score high on this trait, conceptualized in 1970 by psychologists Richard Christie and Florence Geis, are callous, unprincipled, and are excessively motivated by self-interest.[37] They view interpersonal manipulation as the key for life success, and behave accordingly.[38] Individuals who are measured to have a high level of Machiavellianism tend to have low agreeableness and conscientiousness.[2][30]

The original published version of the MACH-IV is the most widely used measure in empirical research.[39][40]

Psychopathy

edit

Psychopathy is considered the most malevolent of the dark triad.[41] Individuals who score high on psychopathy show low levels of empathy and high levels of impulsivity and thrill-seeking.[42] With respect to the Big Five personality factors, psychopathy has been found to correlate negatively with agreeableness and conscientiousness.[30]

Robert Hare revolutionized the study of psychopathy with his Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), and its revision (PCL-R). Hare noted that asking psychopaths to self-report on psychologically important matters does not necessarily provide accurate or unbiased data.[43] However, efforts have been made to study psychopathy in the dimensional realm using self-reported instruments, as with the Levenson Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scales,[44] The Psychopathic Personality Inventory,[45] and the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale.[46]

Other forms

edit

Other groupings of dark personality traits have been proposed.

Dark tetrad

edit

Several researchers have suggested that sadism should be considered a fourth dark trait.[47] While sadism is highly correlated with the dark triad, researchers have shown that sadism predicts anti-social behavior beyond the dark triad.[48][49] Sadism shares common characteristics with psychopathy and antisocial behavior (lack of empathy, readiness for emotional involvement, inflicting suffering), although Reidy et al. (2011)[50] showed that sadism distinctively predicted unprovoked aggression separate from psychopathy.[51]

Furthermore, sadism predicted delinquent behavior separately from the other dark triad traits when evaluating high school students.[51]

Harmful behavior against living creatures, brutal and destructive amoral dispositions, and criminal recidivism were additionally more prominently predicted by sadism than psychopathic traits.[51]

Studies on how sadists gain pleasure from cruelty to subjects were applied towards testing people who possessed dark triad traits. Results showed that only people exhibiting traits of sadism derived a sense of pleasure from acts of cruelty, concluding that sadism encompasses distinctly cruel traits not covered by the rest of the dark triad, therefore deserving of its position within the dark tetrad.[52]

Vulnerable dark triad

edit

The vulnerable dark triad comprises three related and similar constructs: vulnerable narcissism, secondary psychopathy, and borderline personality traits.[53] A study found that these three constructs are significantly related to one another and manifest similar nomological networks. Although the vulnerable dark triad members are related to negative emotionality and antagonistic interpersonal styles, they are also related to introversion and disinhibition.[54]

According to both research and theory, persons who are highly affected by the Dark Triad are influenced by external, controllable factors. On the contrary, those who are high in the Vulnerable Dark Triad (VDT) are driven by internal, embedded desires.[55]

Unification of traits

edit

Researchers who criticize the dark triad model note that many of the theoretical characteristics that is stated to separate Psychopathy, Machiavellianism and Narcissism from each other do not appear in empirical research.[56] Machiavellianism in particular is stated to be distinguished from psychopathy in better impulse control and in the ability to form strategic long term plans, but Machiavellianism has also been correlated with reckless behavior in certain situations.[57] Much of the traits within measures of psychopathy already include Machiavellianism and narcissism. For example, Machiavellianism is featured in most of the Factor 1 traits in the PCL-R, in the "Interpersonal Manipulation" factor within the Hare’s Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-III, and in the "Manipulation" scale in the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment.[58] Narcissism is featured within the Psychopathy Checklist as "Grandiose sense of self worth".[59] Machiavellianism and psychopathy also share the nearly exact same correlations between the Big Five personality traits, which led one research team to conclude that the results of the study supported McHoskey's claim that Machiavellianism ‘‘is a global measure of Psychopathy in non-institutionalized populations.’’[60] Even a recent study from 2016 notes that Machiavellianism seems to be indistinguishable from psychopathy and that scales of Machiavellianism seem to measure the psychopathy construct.[61] Because of these issues, researchers have proposed that the dark triad traits be merged into one singular construct.[62][63] Narcissism has also been viewed as interchangeable with Machiavellianism.[64]

Psychiatric disorders

edit

Psychopathy and narcissism both have their clinical counterparts recognized by psychiatrists, known as narcissistic personality disorder (or NPD) and antisocial personality disorder (or ASPD).[65] Given the dimensional model of narcissism and psychopathy, these traits are present at the subclinical level, meaning that they are present in the general population as opposed to clinical settings.[66] People with subclinical traits can be identified using self-report assessments that are appropriate for the general population.[67] In the general population, the prevalence rates for sub-clinical and clinical psychopathy are estimated at 1% and 0.2%, respectively.[68][69][70]

Machiavellianism is not referenced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It has been treated as strictly a personality construct.[71]

Behaviors

edit

In the workplace

edit
See also: Psychopathy, Narcissism, and Machiavellianism in the workplace

Oliver James identifies each of the three dark triadic personality traits as typically being prevalent in the workplace.[72] Furnham (2010) has identified that the dark triad is related to the acquisition of leadership positions and interpersonal influence.[38] In a meta-analysis of dark triad and workplace outcomes, Jonason and colleagues (2012) found that each of the dark triad traits were related to manipulation in the workplace, but each via unique mechanisms. Specifically, Machiavellianism was related with the use of excessive charm in manipulation, narcissism was related with the use of physical appearance, and psychopathy was related with physical threats.[73] Jonason and colleagues also found that the dark triad traits fully mediated the relationship between gender and workplace manipulation. All three dark triad traits lead to knowledge sabotage.[74] The dark triad traits have also been found to be fairly well-represented in upper-level management and CEOs.[75]

Internet trolls

edit

Recent studies have found that people who are identified as internet trolls tend to have dark personality traits and show signs of sadism, antisocial behavior, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism.[76][77][78] The 2013 case study suggested that there are a number of similarities between anti-social and flame trolling activities,[79] and the 2014 survey indicated that trolling is a manifestation of everyday sadism.[76] Both studies suggest that this trolling may be linked to bullying in both adolescents and adults. A 2021 study found that the dark triad's influence may be mediated by malicious motives, and that there is no strong connection between having these traits and engaging in trolling.[80]

Crime

edit

Adolescents who score higher in dark triad traits show higher amounts of violent delinquency, specifically with interpersonal violence.[81] Individuals with low self control and dark triad traits showed more overall delinquency, however higher self control lowered the delinquency.[81] Another study found that those who have admitted to stealing at some point in their life score higher on Machiavellianism and primary and secondary psychopathy.[82] Those higher in psychopathy and Machiavellianism were shown to predict psychological abuse with intimate partner violence, however agreeableness was found to be the main factor.[83]

Cyber crime

edit

There is a clear distinction in the methods of a cyber attack between each part of the dark triad. Psychopathy correlated with faster speeds of persistence and exploitation; narcissism correlated with faster privilege escalation, persistence, and extraction; and Machiavellianism correlated with stealth.[84] Individuals with higher levels of psychopathy are more likely to engage in cyber bullying, with some correlation to both narcissism and Machiavellianism.[85] Individuals with dark triad traits were also found to be more likely to commit acts of online fraud, with each trait having different impacts on factors. Machiavellianism has impacts on opportunity and motivation; psychopathy has impacts on rationalization; and narcissism has impacts on perceptions of motivation and capabilities.[86]

Ideology

edit

Dark triad characteristics correlate with support for various extremist ideologies. Support for the alt-right, which was prolifically associated with online trolling and harassment, and politically correct authoritarianism both correlate with all three traits as well as measures of entitlement. To a lesser extent, support for a more liberal form of political correctness correlates negatively with psychopathy.[87] Dark triad characteristics correlate positively with out-group threat perceptions, anti-immigrant prejudice, and social dominance orientation, a psychological disposition toward group-based supremacy.[88] Costello et al (2022) found that left- and right-wing authoritarianism correlate similarly with psychopathy.[89] Bell et al noted that the findings for associations between the Dark Triad and political orientations have been mixed.[90]

Sex and relationships

edit

Psychologists have studied how dark triad traits affected individuals in their romantic relationships. In most cases these traits cause people to have shorter-term relationships. The people who tend to be higher in these traits will be in relationship types such as "one-night stand, which is when you have sexual relations with the person only once""hookups", "booty calls, solicitation from a non-long-term relationship for the intent of sexual relations", and even "friends with benefits relationships.[91] People who score high in dark triad traits tend to be less likely to have long-lasting relationships, and report lower relationship satisfaction. They are also more willing to terminate relationships than people who score lower on the dark triad.[92]

According to a study published in 2020, it is likely that men who embody the dark tetrad are well-represented among the clientele of prostitutes.[93] However, the authors admit that "there is a dearth of research on the personality characteristics that typify men who buy sex from those who do not",[93] while other researchers have claimed that there "is no evidence of a peculiar quality that differentiates customers in general from men who have not paid for sex."[94]

Origins

edit

Genetics and environment

edit

In a similar manner to research on the Big Five personality traits, twin studies have been conducted in an effort to understand the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in the development of dark triad traits.

All three traits of the dark triad have been found to have substantial genetic components.[95] It has also been found that the observed relationships between the three traits, and with the Big Five, are strongly driven by individual differences in genes.[38] Within the triad, psychopathy and narcissism have both been found to be more inheritable than Machiavellianism.[38][31]

Environmental factors contribute to the development of dark triad traits, although they have less influence than genetics.[38] During childhood and adolescence, environmental factors that are not shared with siblings (such as friends or extracurricular activities) contribute to all three dark triad traits. However, only Machiavellianism is related to environmental factors that are shared with siblings.[31] The results of a study among German adolescents reveal a positive association between the experience of parental rejection by both parents and punishment as well as parental control and overprotection and Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy.[96] Some researchers have interpreted these findings to mean that, of the three, Machiavellianism is the trait most likely to be influenced by the environment.[21][97]

Evolution

edit

Evolutionary theory may also explain the development of dark triad traits.[18] Despite the relationship of these traits with clinical disorders, some argue that adaptive qualities may accompany the maladaptive ones; their frequency in the gene pool requires at least some local adaptation.[98] The everyday versions of these traits appear in student and community samples, where even high levels can be observed among individuals who manage to get along in daily life. Even in these samples, research indicates correlations with aggression,[99] racism,[100] and bullying[48] among other forms of social aversiveness.

It has been argued that evolutionary behavior predicts not only the development of dark triad personalities, but also the flourishing of such personalities.[101] Indeed, it has been found that individuals demonstrating dark triad personality can be highly successful in society.[38] However, this success is typically short-lived.[38] The main evolutionary argument behind the dark triad traits emphasizes mating strategies.[102][103] This argument is based on life history theory, which proposes that individuals differ in reproductive strategies; an emphasis on mating is termed a "fast life" strategy, while an emphasis on parenting is termed a "slow reproductive" strategy.[104] There is some evidence that the dark triad traits are related to fast life history strategies;[105][106] however, there have been some mixed results, and not all three dark triad traits have been related to this strategy. A more detailed approach[107] has attempted to account for some of these mixed results by analyzing the traits at a finer level of detail. These researchers found that while some components of the dark triad are related to a fast life strategy, other components are related to slow reproductive strategies.[107]

Accelerated mating strategy

edit

Studies have suggested that, on average, those who exhibit the dark triad of personality traits have an accelerated mating strategy, reporting more sex partners, more favorable attitudes towards casual sex,[108] lowered standards in their short-term mates,[109] a tendency to steal or poach mates from others,[110] more risk-taking in the form of substance abuse,[106] a tendency to prefer immediate but smaller amounts of money over delayed but larger amounts of money,[111] limited self-control and greater incidence of ADHD symptoms,[105] and a pragmatic and game-playing romance style.[112] These traits have been identified as part of a strategy that appears to be enacted by an exploitative, opportunistic, and protean approach to life in general[113] and at work.[73]

The evidence is mixed regarding the exact link between the dark triad and reproductive success. For example, there is a lack of empirical evidence for reproductive success in the case of psychopathy.[14] Additionally, these traits are not universally short-term-oriented[105] nor are they all impulsive.[21] Furthermore, much of the research reported pertaining to the dark triad cited in the above paragraph is based on statistical procedures that assume the dark triad is a single construct, in spite of genetic[31] and meta-analytic evidence to the contrary.[27]

Physical attractiveness

edit

Several academic studies have found evidence that people with dark triad personalities are judged as slightly better-looking than average on first sight.[114] Two studies have determined that this is because people with dark triad traits put more effort into their appearance, and the difference in attractiveness disappears when "dressed down" with bland clothing and without makeup.[115][116] Two more studies found that only narcissistic subjects were judged to be better-looking, but the other dark triad traits of Machiavellianism and psychopathy had no correlation with looks.[117][118] Facial features associated with dark triad traits tend to be rated as less attractive.[119]

Group differences

edit

Gender

edit

The most pronounced group difference is in gender: numerous studies have shown that men tend to score higher than women on narcissism,[120] Machiavellianism,[121][122][123] and psychopathy,[124][125][126][127] although the magnitude of the difference varies across traits, the measurement instruments, and the age of the participants. One interesting finding related to narcissism—albeit one based on non-representative samples—is that while men continue to score higher than women, it seems that the gender gap has shrunk considerably when comparing cohort data from 1992 and 2006. More specifically, the aforementioned findings indicate that there has been a general increase in levels of narcissism over time among college students of both sexes, but comparatively, the average level of narcissism in women has increased more than the average level of narcissism in men.[120] When looking at the Dirty Dozen measurement, one study found that men generally scored higher in narcissism and psychopathy than women, and that there was little variance between sex for Machiavellianism. One explanation was that the traditional gender roles in society contribute to these differences.[128] A different study in 2017, using three separate samples of adults from northern Italy and an Italian version of the Dirty Dozen measurement, found that the difference in scores between men and women are not caused by measurement errors. It also found that men scored much higher than women in Machiavellianism and psychopathy than in narcissism.[129]

Race

edit

There is far less information available on race differences in dark triad traits, and the data that is available is not representative of the population at-large. For instance, a 2008 research study using undergraduate participants found that Caucasians reported higher levels of narcissism relative to Asians.[130][131] Similarly, another 2008 study using undergraduate participants found that Caucasians tended to score slightly higher than non-Caucasians on Machiavellianism.[122] When attempting to discern whether there are ethnic differences in psychopathy, researchers have addressed the issue using different measurement instruments (e.g., the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and The Psychopathic Personality Inventory), but no race differences have been found regardless of the measure used.[132][133] Additionally, when comparing Caucasians and African Americans from correctional, substance abuse, and psychiatric samples—groups with typically high prevalence rates of psychopathy—researchers again failed to find any meaningful group differences in psychopathy.[134] However, in controversial research conducted by Richard Lynn, a substantial racial difference in psychopathy was found. Lynn proposes "that there are racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality conceptualised as a continuously distributed trait, such that high values of the trait are present in blacks and Native Americans, intermediate values in Hispanics, lower values in whites and the lowest values in East Asians."[135] However this research has been heavily criticized for not distinguishing between psychopathy and other anti-social behaviors, confusing between personality and behavioral concepts of psychopathy and presuming rather than demonstrating genetic or evolutionary causes for supposed disparities.[136]

Generational differences

edit

Based on analyses of responses to the Narcissistic Personality Inventory collected from over 16,000 U.S. undergraduate students between 1979 and 2006, it was concluded that average levels of narcissism had increased over time.[120] Similar results were obtained in a follow-up study that analyzed the changes within each college campus.[137] However, a 2017 study found little evidence of strong or widespread cohort-linked changes in disposition or behavioral strategies, although they did find some indications that the current generation is more cynical and less trusting.[138]

An alternative perspective explored group differences in the dark triad and how they relate to positive emotion.[139] Applying structural equation modeling and Latent Profile Analysis, a type of mixture model, to establish patterns in UK, US, and Canadian students, four groups were found: "unhappy but not narcissistic", "vulnerable narcissism", "happy non-narcissism" and "grandiose narcissism". Some extrapolations on how a person might deal with these groups of individuals in practice have been suggested.[140]

Relationship to other personality models

edit

Big Five

edit

The five factor model of personality has significant relationships with the dark triad combined and with each of the dark triad's traits. The dark triad overall is negatively related to both agreeableness and conscientiousness.[38] More specifically, Machiavellianism captures a suspicious versus trusting view of human nature which is also captured by the Trust sub-scale on the agreeableness trait.[141] Extraversion captures similar aspects of assertiveness, dominance, and self-importance as narcissism.[141] Narcissism also is positively related to the achievement striving and competence aspects of Conscientiousness. Psychopathy has the strongest correlations with low dutifulness and deliberation aspects of Conscientiousness.[38]

Honesty–humility

edit

The honesty–humility factor from the HEXACO model of personality is used to measure sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty. Honesty–Humility has been found to be strongly negatively correlated to the dark triad traits.[142] Likewise, all three dark triad traits are strongly negatively correlated with Honesty–Humility.[38] The conceptual overlap of the three traits which represents a tendency to manipulate and exploit others for personal gain defines the negative pole of the honesty–humility factor.[143] Typically, any positive effects from the Dark Triad and low Honesty–Humility occur at the individual level, that is, any benefits are conferred onto the one with the traits (e.g., successful mating, obtainment of leadership positions) and not onto others or society at large.

Light triad

edit

Influenced by the dark triad, Scott Barry Kaufman proposed a light triad of personality traits: humanism, Kantianism, and faith in humanity.[144][145][16] High scorers on humanism are more likely to value others' dignity and self worth. High scorers on Kantianism are more likely to see others as people, not as a means to an end. High scorers for faith in humanity are more likely to believe others are fundamentally good.[146][147][144] When comparing individuals who take both dark triad and light triad tests, the average person was more likely to exhibit light triad traits.[144] This test is not an inversion of dark triad tests, as Kaufman instead focused on developing characteristics that were conceptually opposite from the dark triad. A reliable measure of the light triad traits was developed, and demonstrated that they are not simply the opposite of the dark triad's Big Five and HEXACO model traits.[16] The light triad predicts positive and negative outcomes regarding Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility personality traits, and expands on understanding the dark triad as a useful contrasting analog.[16]

Individuals who score high on light triad traits also report higher levels of religiosity, spirituality, life satisfaction, acceptance of others, belief that they and others are good, compassion, empathy, self-esteem, authenticity, sense of self, positive enthusiasm, having a quiet ego, openness to experience, and conscientiousness.[16] Additionally, those who score higher on the light triad scale are intellectually curious, secure in their attachments to others, and more tolerant to other perspectives.[146] These individuals typically have less motives for achievement and self-enhancement (even though the light triad was positively related to productivity and competence). In contrast to the character strengths of the dark triad, the light triad was uncorrelated with bravery or assertiveness. Lack of such characteristics may be problematic for individuals attempting to reach more challenging goals and fully self-actualizing.[148]

 

Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behaviour

edit

The Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behaviour[149] is a catalogue of 2,400 words descriptive of personality, emotion and behaviour. The words in the catalogue were scored according to a two dimensional matrix taxonomy with orthogonal dimensions of affiliation and dominance. Adjectives representing the behavioural patterns described by the Dark Triad were scored according to the atlas and visualised using kernel density plots in two dimensions. The atlas clearly delineates the three components of the Dark Triad, narcissism (Yellow), Machiavellianism (blue), and psychopathy (red).

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Dark Triad". Psychology Today United Kingdom. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Paulhus, Delroy L; Williams, Kevin M. (December 2002). "The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy". Journal of Research in Personality. 36 (6). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Elsevier: 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6. S2CID 6535576.
  3. ^ Regoli, Robert M.; Hewitt, John D.; DeLisi, Matt (2011). Delinquency in Society: The Essentials. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7637-7790-6.
  4. ^ Campbell, W. Keith; Miller, Joshua D. (2011). The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-118-02924-4.
  5. ^ Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (2009). Handbook of individual differences in social behavior. New York City: Guilford Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-59385-647-2.
  6. ^ Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas; von Stumm, Sophie; Furnham, Adrian (2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 527. ISBN 978-1-4443-4310-6.
  7. ^ Horowitz, Leonard M.; Strack, Stephen (2010). Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology: Theory, Research, Assessment and Therapeutic Interventions. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 252–55. ISBN 978-0-470-88103-3. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  8. ^ Lacey, David (2009). Managing the Human Factor in Information Security: How to Win Over Staff and Influence Business Managers. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-470-72199-5.
  9. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2010). "Differentiating the dark triad within the interpersonal circumplex". In Horowitz, Leonard M.; Strack, Stephen N. (eds.). Handbook of interpersonal theory and research. New York City: Guilford Press. pp. 249–67. ISBN 978-0-470-88107-1.
  10. ^ Kohut, Heinz (1977). The Restoration of the Self. New York City: International Universities Press. ISBN 978-0-8236-5810-7.
  11. ^ Wall, H. J., Campbell, C. C., Kaye, L. K., Levy, A., & Bhullar, N. (2019). Personality profiles and persuasion: An exploratory study investigating the role of the Big-5, Type D personality and the Dark Triad on susceptibility to persuasion. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 69-76.
  12. ^ a b Jakobwitz, Sharon; Egan, Vincent (January 2006). "The dark triad and normal personality traits". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (2). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 331–339. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006.
  13. ^ Frick, Paul J.; White, Stuart F. (April 2008). "Research Review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 49 (4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 359–375. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x. PMID 18221345.
  14. ^ a b Skeem, Jennifer L.; Polaschek, Devon L. L.; Patrick, Christopher J.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (15 December 2011). "Psychopathic Personality". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 12 (3). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 95–162. doi:10.1177/1529100611426706. PMID 26167886. S2CID 8521465.
  15. ^ O'Boyle Jr, Ernest H.; Forsynth, Donelson R.; Banks, George C.; McDaniel, Michael A. (2012). "A Meta-Analysis of the Dark Triad and Work Behavior: A Social Exchange Perspective". Applied Psychology. 97 (3): 557–579. doi:10.1037/a0025679. PMID 22023075. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  16. ^ a b c d e Kaufman, Scott Barry; Yaden, David Bryce; Hyde, Elizabeth; Tsukayama, Eli (12 March 2019). "The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature". Frontiers in Psychology. 10: 467. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467. PMC 6423069. PMID 30914993.
  17. ^ "Mental Toughness: A Personality Trait that is Relevant across Achievement Contexts and Mental Health Outcomes". In T.K. Shackelford & V. Zeigler-Hill (2018). The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences. SAGE Publications. June 2018.
  18. ^ a b Klimstra, Theo A.; Jeronimus, Bertus F.; Sijtsema, Jelle J.; Denissen, Jaap J.A. (April 2020). "The unfolding dark side: Age trends in dark personality features". Journal of Research in Personality. 85: 103915. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103915.
  19. ^ McHoskey, John W.; Worzel, William; Szyarto, Christopher (1998). "Machiavellianism and psychopathy". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74 (1). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association: 192–210. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.192. PMID 9457782.
  20. ^ Miller, Joshua D.; Hyatt, Courtland S.; Maples-Keller, Jessica L.; Carter, Nathan T.; Lynam, Donald R. (August 2017). "Psychopathy and Machiavellianism: A Distinction Without a Difference?: Psychopathy and Machiavellianism". Journal of Personality. 85 (4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 439–453. doi:10.1111/jopy.12251. PMID 26971566.
  21. ^ a b c Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (October 2011). "The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 51 (5): 679–682. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.011.
  22. ^ Lynam, Donald R.; Gaughan, Eric T.; Miller, Joshua D.; Miller, Drew J.; Mullins-Sweatt, Stephanie; Widiger, Thomas A. (2011). "Assessing the basic traits associated with psychopathy: Development and validation of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment". Psychological Assessment. 23 (1): 108–124. doi:10.1037/a0021146. PMID 21171784.
  23. ^ Egan, Vincent; McCorkindale, Cara (December 2007). "Narcissism, vanity, personality and mating effort". Personality and Individual Differences. 43 (8): 2105–2115. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.034. S2CID 4500638.
  24. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Webster, Gregory D. (June 2010). "The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad". Psychological Assessment. 22 (2): 420–432. doi:10.1037/a0019265. PMID 20528068.
  25. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (February 2014). "Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits". Assessment. 21 (1): 28–41. doi:10.1177/1073191113514105. PMID 24322012. S2CID 17524487.
  26. ^ Walker, S. A., MacCann, C., & Jonason, P. K. (2023). The Dark Informant-Rated Triad (DIRT): A concise informant-rated measure of the Dark Triad. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000796
  27. ^ a b c O'Boyle, Ernest H.; Forsyth, Donelson R.; Banks, George C.; McDaniel, Michael A. (May 2012). "A meta-analysis of the Dark Triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective". Journal of Applied Psychology. 97 (3): 557–579. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.713.2055. doi:10.1037/a0025679. PMID 22023075.
  28. ^ Kajonius, Petri J.; Persson, Björn N.; Rosenberg, Patricia; Garcia, Danilo (March 1, 2016). "The (mis)measurement of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: exploitation at the core of the scale". PeerJ. 4: e1748. doi:10.7717/peerj.1748. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4782707. PMID 26966673.
  29. ^ Corry, N.; Merritt, R.D.; Mrug, S.; Pamp, B. (2008). "The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory". Journal of Personality Assessment. 90 (6): 593–600. doi:10.1080/00223890802388590. PMID 18925501. S2CID 29486199.
  30. ^ a b c Vernon, Philip A.; Villania, Vanessa C.; Vickersa, Leanne C.; Harris, Julie Aitken (January 2008). "A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5". Personality and Individual Differences. 44 (2). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Elsevier: 445–452. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007.
  31. ^ a b c d Vernon, Philip A.; Martin, Rod A.; Schermer, Julie Aitken; MacKie, Ashley (2008). "A behavioral genetic investigation of humor styles and their correlations with the Big-5 personality dimensions". Personality and Individual Differences. 44 (5): 1116–1125. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.003.
  32. ^ Raskin, Robert N.; Hall, Calvin S. (October 1979). "A Narcissistic Personality Inventory". Psychological Reports. 45 (2): 590. doi:10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590. PMID 538183. S2CID 5395685.
  33. ^ Hyler, S.E. (1994). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (Unpublished test). New York: NYSPI.
  34. ^ Pincus A. L.; Ansell E. B.; Pimentel C. A.; Cain N. M.; Wright A. G. C.; Levy K. N. (2009). "Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory". Psychological Assessment. 21 (3): 365–379. doi:10.1037/a0016530. PMID 19719348. S2CID 18001836.
  35. ^ Miller, J. D.; Campbell, W. K. (2008). "Comparing clinical and Social-Personality Conceptutalizations of narcissism". Journal of Personality. 76 (3): 449–476. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x. PMID 18399956. S2CID 6794645.
  36. ^ Wink P (1991). "Two faces of narcissism". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61 (4): 590–597. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.590. PMID 1960651. S2CID 12617826.
  37. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology".
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Furnham, Adrian; Richards, Steven C.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (March 2013). "The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review: Dark Triad of Personality". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (3): 199–216. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.6559. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018.
  39. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2009). "Machiavellianism". In Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (eds.). Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. Guilford Press. pp. 93–108. ISBN 978-1-59385-647-2.
  40. ^ Christie, Richard; Geis, Florence L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. Academic Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-12-174450-2.
  41. ^ Rauthmann, John F. (July 2012). "The Dark Triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 3 (4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 487–496. doi:10.1177/1948550611427608. S2CID 690757.
  42. ^ Hare, Robert D. (1985). "Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 53 (1). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association: 7–16. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.1.7. PMID 3980831.
  43. ^ Hare, Robert D. (1999). Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us. Guilford Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-57230-451-2.
  44. ^ Levenson M. R.; Kiehl K. A.; Fitzpatrick C. M. (1995). "Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 68 (1): 151–158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151. PMID 7861311.
  45. ^ Lilienfeld S. O.; Andrews B. P. (1996). "Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal population". Journal of Personality Assessment. 66 (3): 488–524. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3. PMID 8667144.
  46. ^ Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2015). Manual for the Self-Report Psychopathy scales (4th ed.). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems. [ISBN unspecified]
  47. ^ "Everyday Sadists Take Pleasure In Others' Pain". Association for Psychological Science. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  48. ^ a b Chabrol H.; Van Leeuwen N.; Rodgers R.; Séjourné S. (2009). "Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency". Personality and Individual Differences. 47 (7): 734–39. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020.
  49. ^ Buckels, Erin E.; Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (November 2013). "Behavioral Confirmation of Everyday Sadism". Psychological Science. 24 (11): 2201–2209. doi:10.1177/0956797613490749. PMID 24022650. S2CID 30675346.
  50. ^ Reidy, Dennis E.; Zeichner, Amos; Seibert, L. Alana (February 2011). "Unprovoked Aggression: Effects of Psychopathic Traits and Sadism: Psychopathy, Sadism, and Unprovoked Aggression". Journal of Personality. 79 (1): 75–100. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00691.x. PMID 21223265.
  51. ^ a b c Međedović, Janko; Petrović, Boban (November 2015). "The Dark Tetrad: Structural Properties and Location in the Personality Space". Journal of Individual Differences. 36 (4): 228–236. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000179.
  52. ^ "Everyday Sadism: Throwing Light on the Dark Triad". Association for Psychological Science – APS. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  53. ^ Jones, D. N., & Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the Dark Triad. European Journal of Personality, 27(6), 521-531.
  54. ^ Miller, Joshua D.; Dir, Ally; Gentile, Brittany; Wilson, Lauren; Pryor, Lauren R.; Campbell, W. Keith (October 2010). "Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder". Journal of Personality. 78 (5): 1529–1564. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x. PMID 20663024. S2CID 7923414.
  55. ^ Curtis, Shelby R.; Jones, Daniel N. (2020). "Understanding what makes dark traits "vulnerable": A distinction between indifference and hostility". Personality and Individual Differences. 160: 109941. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109941. ISSN 0191-8869. S2CID 213356264 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  56. ^ Glenn, Andrea L.; Sellbom, Martin (June 2015). "Theoretical and Empirical Concerns Regarding the Dark Triad as a Construct". J
  57. ^ O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., Story, P. A., & White, C. D. (2015). A meta-analytic test of redundancy and relative importance of the Dark Triad and five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 83, 644–664.
  58. ^ Miller, J. D., Hyatt, C. S., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Carter, N. T., & Lynam, D. R. (2017). Psychopathy and Machiavellianism: A distinction without a difference?. Journal of personality, 85(4), 439-453.
  59. ^ Glenn, Andrea L.; Sellbom, Martin (June 2015). "Theoretical and Empirical Concerns Regarding the Dark Triad as a Construct". Journal of Personality Disorders. 29 (3): 360–377.
  60. ^ Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual differences, 38(7), 1571-1582.
  61. ^ Miller, Joshua D.; Hyatt, Courtland S.; Maples-Keller, Jessica L.; Carter, Nathan T.; Lynam, Donald R. (August 2017). "Psychopathy and Machiavellianism: A Distinction Without a Difference?: Psychopathy and Machiavellianism". Journal of Personality. 85 (4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 439–453. doi:10.1111/jopy.12251. PMID 26971566.
  62. ^ Persson, B. N. (2019). The latent structure of the Dark Triad: unifying machiavellianism and psychopathy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Turku]. Finland, UA.
  63. ^ "APA PsycNet".
  64. ^ McHoskey, J. (1995). Narcissism and machiavellianism. Psychological reports, 77(3), 755-759.
  65. ^ "Psychiatry.org - DSM".
  66. ^ "Research shows the role of healthy narcissism occurs at subclinical levels in everyday populations and can help motivate people to enhance themselves and to progress in life." Neel, R. (2023, September 11). A little bit of narcissism is normal and healthy – here’s how to tell when it becomes pathological. The Conversation.
  67. ^ LeBreton, J. M.; Binning, J. F.; Adorno, A. J. (2005). "Sub-clinical psychopaths". In Thomas, Jay C.; Segal, Daniel L. (eds.). Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology, Personality and Everyday Functioning. Wiley. pp. 388–411. ISBN 978-0-471-48837-8.
  68. ^ Babiak, P.; Neumann, C. S.; Hare, R. D. (2010). "Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk". Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 28 (2): 174–193. doi:10.1002/bsl.925. PMID 20422644. S2CID 15946623.
  69. ^ Coid, Jeremy; Yang, Min; Ullrich, Simone; Roberts, Amanda; Hare, Robert D. (March 2009). "Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain" (PDF). International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 32 (2): 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.002. PMID 19243821.
  70. ^ Neumann, C. S.; Hare, R. D. (2008). "Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 76 (5): 893–899. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.908.4276. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.5.893. PMID 18837606. S2CID 1789397.
  71. ^ "MACH has historically been the province of personality and social psychology"
    – McHoskey, J. W., Worzel, W., & Szyarto, C. (1998). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 192–210.
  72. ^ James, Oliver (2013). Office Politics: How to Thrive in a World of Lying, Backstabbing and Dirty Tricks. Random House. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4090-0557-5.
  73. ^ a b Jonason, Peter K.; Slomski, Sarah; Partyka, Jamie (February 2012). "The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way". Personality and Individual Differences. 52 (3): 449–453. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.008.
  74. ^ Serenko, A.; Choo, C.W. (2020). "Knowledge sabotage as an extreme form of counterproductive knowledge behavior: The role of narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and competitiveness" (PDF). Journal of Knowledge Management. 24 (9): 2299–2325. doi:10.1108/JKM-06-2020-0416. S2CID 225316071.
  75. ^ Amernic, Joel H.; Craig, Russell J. (23 February 2010). "Accounting as a Facilitator of Extreme Narcissism". Journal of Business Ethics. 96 (1): 79–93. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0450-0. JSTOR 40836190. S2CID 145545000.
  76. ^ a b Buckels, Erin E.; Trapnell, Paul D.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (September 2014). "Trolls just want to have fun". Personality and Individual Differences. 67: 97–102. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016. S2CID 8103910.
  77. ^ "Internet Trolls Are Narcissists, Psychopaths, and Sadists | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com.
  78. ^ Anderson, Nate (20 February 2014). "Science confirms: Online trolls are horrible people (also, sadists!)". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  79. ^ Bishop, Jonathan (2013-01-01). "The effect of deindividuation of the Internet Troller on Criminal Procedure implementation: An interview with a Hater". International Journal of Cyber Criminology. 7: 28–48.
  80. ^ Brubaker, Pamela Jo; Montez, Daniel; Church, Scott Haden (April 2021). "The Power of Schadenfreude: Predicting Behaviors and Perceptions of Trolling Among Reddit Users". Social Media + Society. 7 (2): 205630512110213. doi:10.1177/20563051211021382. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 235724896.
  81. ^ a b Wright, John Paul; Morgan, Mark Alden; Almeida, Pedro R.; Almosaed, Nora F.; Moghrabi, Sameera S.; Bashatah, Fawzia S. (2016-07-14). "Malevolent Forces: Self-Control, the Dark Triad, and Crime". Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 15 (2): 191–215. doi:10.1177/1541204016667995. ISSN 1541-2040. S2CID 151954017.
  82. ^ Lyons, Minna; Jonason, Peter K. (2015-11-01). "Dark Triad, Tramps, and Thieves". Journal of Individual Differences. 36 (4): 215–220. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000177. ISSN 1614-0001.
  83. ^ Carton, Hannah; Egan, Vincent (2017-01-15). "The dark triad and intimate partner violence". Personality and Individual Differences. 105: 84–88. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.040. ISSN 0191-8869.
  84. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Padilla, Edgar; Curtis, Shelby R.; Kiekintveld, Christopher (2021-09-01). "Network discovery and scanning strategies and the Dark Triad". Computers in Human Behavior. 122: 106799. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106799. ISSN 0747-5632.
  85. ^ Balakrishnan, Vimala; Khan, Shahzaib; Fernandez, Terence; Arabnia, Hamid R. (2019-04-15). "Cyberbullying detection on twitter using Big Five and Dark Triad features". Personality and Individual Differences. 141: 252–257. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.024. ISSN 0191-8869. S2CID 151013262.
  86. ^ Harrison, Andrew; Summers, James; Mennecke, Brian (2018-11-01). "The Effects of the Dark Triad on Unethical Behavior". Journal of Business Ethics. 153 (1): 53–77. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3368-3. ISSN 1573-0697. S2CID 151844243.
  87. ^ Moss, Jordan; O'Connor, Peter J. (2020). "The Dark Triad traits predict authoritarian political correctness and alt-right attitudes". Heliyon. 6 (7): e04453. Bibcode:2020Heliy...604453M. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04453. PMC 7369609. PMID 32715130.
  88. ^ Hodson, Gordon; Hogg, Sarah M.; MacInnis, Cara C. (2009). "The role of "dark personalities" (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy), Big Five personality factors, and ideology in explaining prejudice". Journal of Research in Personality. 43 (4): 686–690. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.005.
  89. ^ Costello, T. H.; Bowes, S. M.; Stevens, S. T.; Waldman, I. D.; Tasimi, A.; Lilienfeld, S. O. (2022). "Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 122 (1): 135–170. doi:10.1037/pspp0000341. PMID 34383522.
  90. ^ Bell, Edward; Kowalski, Christopher Marcin; Vernon, Philip Anthony; Schermer, Julie Aitken (December 2021). "Political Hearts of Darkness: The Dark Triad as Predictors of Political Orientations and Interest in Politics". Behavioral Sciences. 11 (12): 169. doi:10.3390/bs11120169. ISSN 2076-328X. PMC 8698749. PMID 34940104.
  91. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Luevano, Victor X.; Adams, Heather M. (August 2012). "How the Dark Triad traits predict relationship choices". Personality and Individual Differences. 53 (3): 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.007. ISSN 0191-8869.
  92. ^ Brewer, Gayle; Parkinson, Madison; Pickles, Alice; Anson, Joshua; Mulinder, Georgia (April 2023). "Dark Triad traits and relationship dissolution". Personality and Individual Differences. 204: 112045. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.112045. ISSN 0191-8869.
  93. ^ a b Davis, A.; Vaillancourt, T.; Arnocky, S. (2020). "The Dark Tetrad and Male Clients of Female Sex Work". Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 577171. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577171. PMC 7533589. PMID 33071917.
  94. ^ Monto, Martin A.; Milrod, Christine (22 March 2013). "Ordinary or Peculiar Men? Comparing the Customers of Prostitutes With a Nationally Representative Sample of Men". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 58 (7): 802–820. doi:10.1177/0306624X13480487. PMID 23525181. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  95. ^ Petrides, K. V.; Vernon, Philip A.; Schermer, Julie Aitken; Veselka, Livia (2011). "Trait Emotional Intelligence and the Dark Triad Traits of Personality". Twin Research and Human Genetics. 14 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1375/twin.14.1.35. PMID 21314254. S2CID 4202896.
  96. ^ Yendell, Alexander; Clemens, Vera; Schuler, Julia; Decker, Oliver (2022-06-22). Jonason, Peter Karl (ed.). "What makes a violent mind? The interplay of parental rearing, dark triad personality traits and propensity for violence in a sample of German adolescents". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0268992. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1768992Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268992. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9216556. PMID 35731719.
  97. ^ Petrides, K. V.; Vernon, Philip A.; Schermer, Julie Aitken; Veselka, Livia (2011). "Trait Emotional Intelligence and the Dark Triad Traits of Personality". Twin Research and Human Genetics. 14 (1): 35–41
  98. ^ Larsen; Buss; Wismeijer; Song; van den Berg; Jeronimus (2020). Personality psychology, domains of knowledge about human nature. London, United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill.
  99. ^ Jones D.N.; Paulhus D. L. (2010). "Different provocations trigger aggression in narcissists and psychopaths". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 1: 12–18. doi:10.1177/1948550609347591. S2CID 144224401.
  100. ^ Hodson, G. M.; Hogg, S. M.; MacInnis, C. C. (2009). "The role of "dark personalities" (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy), Big Five personality factors, and ideology in explaining prejudice". Journal of Research in Personality. 43 (4): 686–690. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.005.
  101. ^ Mealey, Linda (4 February 2010). "The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 18 (3): 523–541. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00039595. S2CID 53956461.
  102. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Li, Norman P.; Webster, Gregory D.; Schmitt, David P. (February 2009). "The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men". European Journal of Personality. 23 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1002/per.698. S2CID 12854051.
  103. ^ Brumbach, Barbara Hagenah; Figueredo, Aurelio José; Ellis, Bruce J. (6 February 2009). "Effects of Harsh and Unpredictable Environments in Adolescence on Development of Life History Strategies". Human Nature. 20 (1): 25–51. doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9059-3. PMC 2903759. PMID 20634914.
  104. ^ Rushton, J.Philippe (January 1985). "Differential K theory: The sociobiology of individual and group differences". Personality and Individual Differences. 6 (4): 441–452. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90137-0.
  105. ^ a b c Jonason, Peter K.; Tost, Jeremy (October 2010). "I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control". Personality and Individual Differences. 49 (6): 611–615. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.031.
  106. ^ a b Jonason, Peter K.; Koenig, Bryan L.; Tost, Jeremy (19 November 2010). "Living a fast life: The Dark Triad and Life History Theory". Human Nature. 21 (4): 428–442. doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9102-4. S2CID 142541037.
  107. ^ a b McDonald, Melissa M.; Donnellan, M. Brent; Navarrete, Carlos David (April 2012). "A life history approach to understanding the Dark Triad". Personality and Individual Differences. 52 (5): 601–605. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.003.
  108. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Li, Norman P.; Webster, Gregory D.; Schmitt, David P. (February 2009). "The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men". European Journal of Personality. 23 (1): 5–18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.650.5749. doi:10.1002/per.698. S2CID 12854051.
  109. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Valentine, Katherine A.; Li, Norman P.; Harbeson, Carmelita L. (October 2011). "Mate-selection and the Dark Triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy and creating a volatile environment". Personality and Individual Differences. 51 (6): 759–763. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.648.3614. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.025. S2CID 12310143.
  110. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Li, Norman P.; Buss, David M. (March 2010). "The costs and benefits of the Dark Triad: Implications for mate poaching and mate retention tactics". Personality and Individual Differences. 48 (4): 373–378. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.003. S2CID 8475412.
  111. ^ Jonason, P. K.; Li, N. P.; Teicher, E. A. (2010). "Who is James Bond?:The Dark Triad as an agentic social style". Individual Differences Research. 8: 111–120.
  112. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Kavanagh, Phillip (October 2010). "The dark side of love: Love styles and the Dark Triad". Personality and Individual Differences. 49 (6): 606–610. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.030. hdl:10983/15422.
  113. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Webster, Gregory D. (March 2012). "A protean approach to social influence: Dark Triad personalities and social influence tactics". Personality and Individual Differences. 52 (4): 521–526. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.023.
  114. ^ Carter, Gregory Louis; Campbell, Anne C.; Muncer, Steven (January 2014). "The Dark Triad personality: Attractiveness to women". Personality and Individual Differences. 56: 57–61. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.021.
  115. ^ Grewal, Daisy (27 November 2012). "Psychology Uncovers Sex Appeal of Dark Personalities". Scientific American.
  116. ^ Holtzman, Nicholas S.; Strube, Michael J (4 October 2012). "People With Dark Personalities Tend to Create a Physically Attractive Veneer". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 4 (4): 461–467. doi:10.1177/1948550612461284. S2CID 16213035.
  117. ^ Dufner, Michael; Rauthmann, John F.; Czarna, Anna Z.; Denissen, Jaap J. A. (2 April 2013). "Are Narcissists Sexy? Zeroing in on the Effect of Narcissism on Short-Term Mate Appeal". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 39 (7): 870–882. doi:10.1177/0146167213483580. PMID 23554177. S2CID 7712753.
  118. ^ Back, Mitja D.; Schmukle, Stefan C.; Egloff, Boris (2010). "Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism–popularity link at zero acquaintance". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98 (1): 132–145. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.842.9133. doi:10.1037/a0016338. PMID 20053038.
  119. ^ Brewer, Gayle; Christiansen, Paul; Dorozkinaite, Diana; Ingleby, Beth; O'Hagan, Lauren; Williams, Charlotte; Lyons, Minna (April 2019). "A drunk heart speaks a sober mind: Alcohol does not influence the selection of short-term partners with dark triad traits". Personality and Individual Differences. 140: 61–64. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.028. S2CID 149324049.
  120. ^ a b c Twenge, Jean M.; Konrath, Sara; Foster, Joshua D.; Keith Campbell, W.; Bushman, Brad J. (August 2008). "Egos Inflating Over Time: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory". Journal of Personality. 76 (4): 875–902. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.7541. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x. PMID 18507710.
  121. ^ Chonko, Lawrence B. (31 August 2016). "Machiavellianism: Sex Differences in the Profession of Purchasing Management". Psychological Reports. 51 (2): 645–646. doi:10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.645. S2CID 145577786.
  122. ^ a b Dahling, Jason J.; Whitaker, Brian G.; Levy, Paul E. (5 February 2008). "The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale". Journal of Management. 35 (2): 219–257. doi:10.1177/0149206308318618. S2CID 54937924.
  123. ^ Wertheim, Edward G.; Widom, Cathy S.; Wortzel, Lawrence H. (1978). "Multivariate analysis of male and female professional career choice correlates". Journal of Applied Psychology. 63 (2): 234–242. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.63.2.234.
  124. ^ Levenson, M. R.; Kiehl, K. A.; Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). "Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 68 (1): 151–158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151. PMID 7861311.
  125. ^ Lilienfeld, S. O.; Andrews, B. P. (1996). "Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal population". Journal of Personality Assessment. 66 (3): 488–524. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3. PMID 8667144.
  126. ^ Cale, Ellison M.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (November 2002). "Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder". Clinical Psychology Review. 22 (8): 1179–1207. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00125-8. PMID 12436810.
  127. ^ Zágon, Ilona K.; Jackson, Henry J. (July 1994). "Construct validity of a psychopathy measure". Personality and Individual Differences. 17 (1): 125–135. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90269-0.
  128. ^ Klimstra, Theo A.; Sijtsema, Jelle J.; Henrichs, Jens; Cima, Maaike (2014-12-01). "The Dark Triad of personality in adolescence: Psychometric properties of a concise measure and associations with adolescent adjustment from a multi-informant perspective". Journal of Research in Personality. 53: 84–92. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.09.001. hdl:2066/133749. ISSN 0092-6566.
  129. ^ Chiorri, Carlo; Garofalo, Carlo; Velotti, Patrizia (2019-06-01). "Does the Dark Triad Manifest Similarly in men and Women? Measurement Invariance of the Dirty Dozen across sex". Current Psychology. 38 (3): 659–675. doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9641-5. hdl:11573/1359427. ISSN 1936-4733. S2CID 255504855.
  130. ^ Trzesniewski, Kali H.; Donnellan, M. Brent; Robins, Richard W. (February 2008). "Do Today's Young People Really Think They Are So Extraordinary?". Psychological Science. 19 (2): 181–188. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02065.x. PMID 18271867. S2CID 205573466.
  131. ^ Twenge, Jean M.; Foster, Joshua D. (December 2008). "Mapping the scale of the narcissism epidemic: Increases in narcissism 2002–2007 within ethnic groups". Journal of Research in Personality. 42 (6): 1619–1622. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.014.
  132. ^ Epstein, Monica K.; Poythress, Norman G.; Brandon, Karen O. (26 July 2016). "The Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and Passive Avoidance Learning". Assessment. 13 (2): 197–207. doi:10.1177/1073191105284992. PMID 16672734. S2CID 22930917.
  133. ^ Lander, Gwendoline C.; Lutz-Zois, Catherine J.; Rye, Mark S.; Goodnight, Jackson A. (January 2012). "The differential association between alexithymia and primary versus secondary psychopathy". Personality and Individual Differences. 52 (1): 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.027.
  134. ^ Skeem, Jennifer L.; Edens, John F.; Camp, Jacqueline; Colwell, Lori H. (2004). "Are there ethnic differences in levels of psychopathy? A meta-analysis". Law and Human Behavior. 28 (5): 505–527. doi:10.1023/b:lahu.0000046431.93095.d8. PMID 15638207. S2CID 17224850.
  135. ^ Lynn, Richard (January 2002). "Racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 32 (2): 273–316. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00029-0.
  136. ^ Skeem, Jennifer L; Edens, John F; Sanford, Glenn M; Colwell, Lori H (October 2003). "Psychopathic personality and racial/ethnic differences reconsidered: a reply to Lynn (2002)". Personality and Individual Differences. 35 (6): 1439–1462. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00361-6.
  137. ^ Twenge, Jean M.; Campbell, W. Keith (5 May 2017). "Birth Cohort Differences in the Monitoring the Future Dataset and Elsewhere: Further Evidence for Generation Me – Commentary on Trzesniewski & Donnellan (2010)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 5 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1177/1745691609357015. PMID 26162065. S2CID 17239061.
  138. ^ Trzesniewski, Kali H.; Donnellan, M. Brent (5 May 2017). "Rethinking 'Generation Me': A Study of Cohort Effects from 1976–2006". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 5 (1): 58–75. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.424.1755. doi:10.1177/1745691609356789. PMID 26162063. S2CID 12426094.
  139. ^ Egan, Vincent; Chan, Stephanie; Shorter, Gillian W. (2014). "The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being" (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences. 67 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.004. S2CID 17277308.
  140. ^ Whitbourne, Susan Krauss (30 August 2014). "8 Ways to Handle a Narcissist". Psychology Today.
  141. ^ a b Hunter, J. E.; Gerbing, D. W.; Boster, F. J. (1982). "Machiavellian beliefs and personality: Construct invalidity of the Machiavellianism dimension". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 43 (6): 1293–1305. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.6.1293.
  142. ^ Aghababaei, N.; Mohammadtabar, S.; Saffarinia, M. (2014). "Dirty Dozen vs. the H factor: Comparison of the Dark Triad and Honesty–Humility in prosociality, religiosity, and happiness". Personality and Individual Differences. 67: 6–10. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.026.
  143. ^ Lee, K.; Ashton, M. C.; Wiltshire, J.; Bourdage, J. S.; Visser, B. A.; Gallucci, A. (2013). "Sex, power, and money: Prediction from the Dark Triad and Honesty–Humility". European Journal of Personality. 27 (2): 169–184. doi:10.1002/per.1860. S2CID 146205562.
  144. ^ a b c Oakes, Kelly (24 June 2019). "The 'light triad' that can make you a good person". BBC Future.
  145. ^ "Light Triad Scale". Scott Barry Kaufman. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  146. ^ a b Geher, Glenn (12 March 2019). "The Light Triad of Personality". Psychology Today.
  147. ^ Schley, Lacy (5 April 2019). "The Light Triad: Psychologists Outline the Personality Traits of Everyday Saints". Discover Magazine.
  148. ^ Kaufman, Scott Barry (19 March 2019). "The Light Triad vs. Dark Triad of Personality". Scientific American Blog Network.
  149. ^ Mobbs, Anthony E. D. (21 January 2020). "An atlas of personality, emotion and behaviour". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0227877. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1527877M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227877. PMC 6974095. PMID 31961895.

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_triad&oldid=1262048679"