Colorado River Numic (also called Ute /ˈjuːt/ YOOT, Southern Paiute /ˈpaɪjuːt/ PIE-yoot, Ute–Southern Paiute, or Ute-Chemehuevi /ˌtʃɛmɪˈweɪvi/ CHEH-mih-WAY-vee), of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, is a dialect chain that stretches from southeastern California to Colorado.[2] Individual dialects are Chemehuevi, which is in danger of extinction, Southern Paiute (Moapa, Cedar City, Kaibab, and San Juan subdialects), and Ute (Central Utah, Northern, White Mesa, Southern subdialects). According to the Ethnologue, there were a little less than two thousand speakers of Colorado River Numic Language in 1990, or around 40% out of an ethnic population of 5,000.[3]
| Colorado River Numic | |
|---|---|
| Southern Paiute | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Nevada, California, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico |
| Ethnicity | 6,200 Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute and Ute (2007)[1] |
Native speakers | 920 (2007)[1] 20 monolinguals (1990 census)[1] |
Uto-Aztecan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ute |
| Glottolog | utes1238 |
| ELP | Ute |
 | |
 Chemehuevi is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The Southern Paiute dialect has played a significant role in linguistics, as the background for a famous article by linguist Edward Sapir and his collaborator Tony Tillohash on the nature of the phoneme.[4]
Dialects
editThe three major dialect groups of Colorado River are Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, and Ute, although there are no strong isoglosses. The threefold division is primarily one of culture rather than strictly linguistic. There are, however, three major phonological distinctions among the dialects:
- In Southern Paiute and Ute, initial /h/ has been lost: Chemehuevi /hivi/ 'drink' is a verb, other dialects /ivi/ 'drink'.
- In Ute, nasal-stop clusters have become voiceless geminate stops: Ute /pukku/ 'horse, pet', other dialects /puŋku/.
- In Ute, the mid back round vowel /o/ has been fronted to /ö/: Ute /söö-/ 'lungs', other dialects /soo-/.
There are no strong isoglosses between Southern Paiute and Ute for the changes but an increasing level of change, as one moves from Kaibab Southern Paiute (0% of nasal-stop clusters have changed) to Southern Ute (100% of nasal-stop clusters have changed).
Phonology
editConsonant and vowel charts for the westernmost and easternmost dialects are given.[5][6]
Consonants
edit| labial | dental | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | ||||||
| plosive | p | t | ts | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| fricative | β | s | ɣ | ɣʷ | h | ||
| rhotic | ɾ | ||||||
| nasal | plain | m | n | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||
| glottalized | mˀ | nˀ | ŋˀ | ||||
| glide | plain | w | j | ||||
| glottalized | wˀ | jˀ | |||||
| labial | dental | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | |||||
| plosive | p | t | tʃ | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| fricative | β | s | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||
| rhotic | ɾ | |||||
| nasal | m | n | ||||
| glide | w | j | ||||
Vowels
edit| front | central | back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| high | i | ɯ | u | |
| mid | o | |||
| low | ɑ | |||
| front | central | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| high | i | ɯ | u | ||
| mid | ø | ||||
| low | ɑ | ||||
Vowels can be long or short. Short unstressed vowels can be devoiced.
Morphology
editThe Colorado River Numic language is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
References
edit- ^ a b c Colorado River Numic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Mithun 1999, p. 542.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for language code:ute". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ Sapir, Edward (1933). "La réalité psychologique des phonèmes" [The psychological reality of phonemes]. Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique (in French).
- ^ Press 1979.
- ^ Givón 2011.
Bibliography
edit- Bunte, Pamela A. (1979). Problems in Southern Paiute Syntax and Semantics (PhD dissertation). Indiana University.
- Charney, Jean O. (1996). A Dictionary of the Southern Ute Language. Ignacio, CO: Ute Press.
- Givón, Talmy (2011). Ute Reference Grammar. Culture and Language Use. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
- Laird, Carobeth (1976). The Chemehuevis. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Press, Margaret L. (1979). Chemehuevi, A Grammar and Lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 92. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Sapir, Edward (1992) [1930]. "Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language". In Bright, William (ed.). The Collected Works of Edward Sapir. Vol. X: Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110886603. ISBN 978-3-11-013543-5.
- Sapir, Edward (1992) [1931]. "Southern Paiute Dictionary". In Bright, William (ed.). The Collected Works of Edward Sapir. Vol. X: Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110886603. ISBN 978-3-11-013543-5.
External links
edit- A Preliminary Analysis of Southern Ute with a Special Focus on Noun Phrases - also contains phonology information
- Chemehuevi language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- A Chemehuevi Language Archive - 1970s Fieldwork and Analysis by Margaret L. Press
- OLAC resources in and about the Ute-Southern Paiute language
- Collected Works of Edward Sapir, Vol. X: Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography
- Ute Dictionary