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Chanyu

Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 单于; traditional Chinese: 單于; pinyin: Chányú) or Shanyu (Chinese: 善于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 CE.[3] The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) and Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.

Reconstruction of a Xiongnu chief warrior, 2nd century BCE-1st century CE, by archaeologist A.N. Podushkin. Central State Museum of Kazakhstan.[1][2]

Etymology

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"Chanyu from Heaven" Tiles, Inner Mongolia Museum

According to the Book of Han, "the Xiongnu called the Heaven (天) 'Chēnglí' (撐犁) and they called a child (子) gūtú (孤塗). As for Chányú (單于), it is a "vast [and] great appearance" (廣大之貌).".[4]

L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally dān-ĥwāĥ, an approximation for *darxan.[5] Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-ɢwā, from four roots: **tɨŋgɨr- "high",[6][7] *kwala- "son, child", *tɨl "lower reaches of the Yenisei" or "north", and *qʌ̄j ~ *χʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".[8][9]

List of Xiongnu Chanyus

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Title Reconstructed Han period's late Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese pronunciations[10] Personal Name Reign
Touman (頭曼單于/头曼单于) *do-mɑnᴬ 220–209 BC
Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) *mouᴴ-tuən/mək-tuən < *mûh-tûn/mə̂k-tûn[a] 209–174 BC
Laoshang Chanyu (老上單于/老上单于) *louB-dźaŋC Jiyu (稽鬻) 174–161 BC
Junchen Chanyu (軍臣單于/军臣单于) *kun-gin 161–126 BC
Yizhixie Chanyu (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) *ʔi-ḍiᴴ-ja 126–114 BC
Wuwei Chanyu (烏維/乌维) *ʔɑ-wi 114–105 BC
Er Chanyu (兒[b]單于/儿单于) *ńe Wushilu (烏師廬/乌师庐) 105–102/101 BC
Xulihu Chanyu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) / Goulihu (句犁湖) *hɨo-li-gɑ / *ko-li-ga 102/101–101/100 BC
Qiedihou (且鞮侯)[c] *tsiɑ-te-go 101/100–96 BC
Hulugu Chanyu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) *ɣuɑ-lok-kɑ 96–85 BC
Huyandi Chanyu (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) *ɣɑ-janB/H-te 85–68 BC
Xulüquanqu Chanyu (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) *hɨɑ-liɑ-gyan-gɨɑ 68–60 BC
Woyanqudi Chanyu (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) *ʔɔk-janB/H-hɨo-te Tuqitang (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) 60–58 BC
Huhanye Chanyu (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) *hɑ-gɑn-ja Jihoushan[12]: 59 
( 稽侯狦)		 58 – 31 BC
Tuqi 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC
Hujie 呼揭單于, 57 BC
Juli 車犂單于, 57–56 BC
Wuji 烏籍單于, 57 BC
Runzhen 閏振單于, 56–54 BC
Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC
Yilimu 伊利目單于, 49 BC
Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu[12]: 86 
(復株纍若鞮[d]單于/复株累若鞮单于)		 *ńak-te Diaotaomogao (彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)[12]: 86  31–20 BC
Souxie Chanyu[12]: 86 
(搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于)		 *so-gɛi / *ṣu-gɛi Jumixu[12]: 86 
(且麋胥)		 20–12 BC
Juya Chanyu[12]: 87 
(車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于)		 *kɨɑ-ŋa Jumoju[12]: 87 
(且莫車/攣鞮且莫車)		 12–8 BC
Wuzhuliu Chanyu[12]: p. 87  (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) *ʔɑ-tśo-liu Nangzhiyasi/Zhi [14][page needed]
(囊知牙斯)		 8 BC – 13 AD
Wulei Chanyu[12]: 105–107  (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) *ʔɑ-lui Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸) 13–18 AD
Huduershidaogao Chanyu[12]: 108–109  (呼都而屍道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) *hɑ-tɑ-ńɨ-śi-douH-kou Yu (輿/挛鞮舆) 18–46 AD
Wudadihou (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯)[14]: 878  *ʔɑ-dɑt-te-ɡo 46 AD

Notes

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  1. ^ a.k.a. Batur < Baγatur [11]
  2. ^ "underage"[12]
  3. ^ a.k.a. Chedihou
  4. ^ 若鞮 (pinyin ruòdī), glossed as "respectful to parents;[12]: 107  filial piety"[13] in Hànshū; Pulleyblank reconstructs 若鞮's Early Middle Chinese pronunciation as *njak-tei & instead compares this to Tocharian A ñäkci or Toch. B ñäkc(i)ye "godly, heavenly"

Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)

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Chinese name Reign Note
Punu Chanyu (蒲奴) 46–? AD
Youliu[14][page needed] (優留) ?–87 AD
Northern Chanyu (北單于) 88–? AD
Yuchujian[14][page needed] (於除鞬單于) 91–93 AD
Feng-hou (逢侯) 94–118 AD

Southern Xiongnu (南匈奴)

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Chinese name Data Personal Name Reign
Sutuhu/Bi (蘇屠胡/比)
Huhanxie the Second (呼韓邪第二)
Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸逐鞮)		 brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 48–56/55 AD
Qiufu Youti/Mo
(丘浮尤提)		 55/56–56/57 AD
Yifa Yulüti/Han
(伊伐於慮提)		 56/57–59 AD
Xitong Shizhu Houti/Shi
(醯僮尸逐侯提)		 59–63 AD
Qiuchu Julinti/Su
丘除車林提		 63 AD
Huxie Shizhu Houti/Chang
(湖邪尸逐侯提)		 63–85 AD
Yitu Yulüti/Xuan
(伊屠於閭提/宣)		 85–88 AD
Tuntuhe[14][page needed] Shulan[12]: 130–134 
Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休蘭尸逐侯提)		 88–93 AD
Anguo[14][page needed] (安國) started a large scale rebellion against
the Han		 93–94 AD
Shizi[14][page needed] (師子)
Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭獨尸逐侯提)		 94–98 AD
Wanshishizhudi/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀) opposed by...
...Feng Shanyu		 98-124AD
98–118 AD
Wujihoushizhudi/Ba
(烏稽尸逐侯提/拔)		 ??? 124–127/128 AD
Xiuli (休利)
Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去特若尸逐就)[14][page needed]		 committed suicide under Chinese pressure 127/128–140/142?
Cheniu[14][page needed] Popularly elected 140–143 AD
Toulouchu (兜樓儲)[12]: 144 
Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼蘭若尸逐就)		 appointed puppet at the Chinese court 143–147 AD
Jucheer (居車兒)[14][page needed]
Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊陵若尸逐就)		 puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)
Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu (屠特若尸逐就)[12]: 145  (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD) 158–178 AD
Huzheng[12]: 145  (呼徵) 178–179 AD
Qiangqu
(羌渠)		 Jiangqu;[14][page needed] killed in Xiuchuge Xiongnu rebellion 179–188 AD
Yufuluo
(於扶羅)		 a.k.a. Chizhi Shizhuhou (特至尸逐侯)[citation needed].
Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the Southern Xiongnu rebels led by the Xiuchuge 屠各 and Xiluo 醯落 clans. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi.		 188–195 AD
Marquis of Xubu (須卜骨都侯) (True name unknown) Installed by the Xiuchuge and rebel faction after they ousted Yufuluo. After his death, his followers abolished the chanyu title and replaced him with a nominal king, but Yufuluo continued to claim the chanyu title in exile. 188–189 AD
Huchuquan (呼廚泉) Yufuluo's brother,[14][page needed] he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu
after Yufuluo died. After he was detained at Ye in 216, the Chinese court formally abolished the chanyu office.		 195–216 AD

Da Chanyu (大單于)

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Chinese name Data Personal Name Reign
Liu Yuan (劉淵) Founder of the Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文)[15] Yuanhai (元海) 304–?
Liu Cong (劉聰) Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu (昭武) Xuanming (玄明) 310–?
Liu Can (劉粲) Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin (隱) Shiguang (士光) ?–?
Liu Yin (劉胤) Han-Zhao state imperial prince Yisun (義孫) 325–?
Helian Bobo

(赫連勃勃)

Founder of the Helian Xia state, a.k.a. Emperor Wulie (武烈) Qujie (屈孑) 407–?

Chanyu family trees

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Chanyu Xiongnu rulers family trees
Southern Xiongnu 南匈奴
Northern Xiongnu 北匈奴
Touman
头曼单于
r.220–209BC
Modu Chanyu
冒顿单于
r.209–174BC
Laoshang
老上单于
r.174–161BC
Junchen
军臣单于
r.161-126BC		daughter
Wife of
Zhao Xin
赵信		Yizhixie
伊稚斜单于
r.126-114BC
涉安侯
於單		Wuwei Chanyu
烏維单于
r.114-105BC		Xulihu
呴犁湖单于
r.102/101–
101/100 BC		Qiedihou
且鞮侯
r.101-96/99?BC
Er
儿单于
r.104-102/101BC		Hulugu
狐鹿姑单于
r.96-85BC		daughter
Wife of
Li Ling 李陵
d.74 BC		左大将左大都尉右谷蠡王
Huyandi
壺衍鞮单于
r.85-68BC		左谷蠡王Xulüquanqu
虚闾权渠单于
r.68-60BC		daughter
Wife of
Li Guangli 李廣利
d.88BC		daughter
Wife of
乌禅幕		Cheli
車犂單于
r.57-56BC		先贤掸
Zhizhi
郅支单于
r.56-36BC		Huhanye
呼韩邪单于
r.58-31BC		右谷蠡王
驹于利受Fuzhulei Ruoti
搜谐若鞮单于
r.31–20BC		Souxie
搜谐若鞮单于
r.20-12BC		Juya
车牙若鞮单于
r.12-8BC		右贤王
卢浑		Wuzhuliu
乌珠留若鞮单于
r.8-13AD		右贤王
铢娄渠堂		右谷蠡王
伊屠智牙师		Wulei
乌累若鞮单于
r.13-18AD		左贤王
乐		Huduershidaogao
呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于
r.18-46AD
醯諧屠奴侯须卜居次
云		须卜单于
当
r.18-21AD		当于居次左祝都韩王
朐留斯侯		右於塗仇撣王
乌夷当		左日逐王
都		右大且
方		左於駼仇掸王
稽留昆		斩将王Shun
顺单于 登
r.11–12		Shun
顺单于 助
r.11		角Wudadihou
乌达鞮侯
r.46		Punu Chanyu
蒲奴
r.46-?
Sutuhu/Huhanxie
呼韓邪
r.48-56/55		右股奴王
乌鞮牙斯		Qiufu Youti
丘浮尤提
r.55/56-56/57		Yifa Yulüti 伊伐於慮提
r.56/57-59
Xitong Shizhu Houti
醢僮尸逐侯提
r.59–63		Huxie Shizhu Houti
湖邪尸逐侯提
r.63–85		Tuntuhe/ Siuan
休兰尸逐侯鞮单于
r.88–93		Qiuchu Julinti
丘除车林鞮单于
r.63		Yitu Yulüti
伊屠於閭鞮單于
r.85–88		Anguo
安国
r.93–94
Shizi
尸逐
r.94–98'		Wanshishizhudi
萬氏尸逐侯提
r.98–124		Wujihoushizhudi
烏稽尸逐侯提
r.124–128		Xiuli
去特若尸逐就
r.127/128–
140/142?		左贤王Feng-hou
逢侯
r.94–118


□
□□□
Tuqi Chanyu
屠耆單于
r.58–56BC		Yilimu Chanyu
伊利目單于
r.49BC		Runzhen Chanyu
閏振單于
r.56-54BC		Huyan Qudi
握衍朐鞮單于
r.60-58BC		Shengzhi
胜之		You Xian wáng
右贤王
都涂吾西姑瞀楼头Aojian wang
奥鞬王


□
Northern Chanyu
北單于
r.89–91AD?		Youliu 優留
r.?–87 AD		Yuchujian 於除鞬單于
r.91–93AD


Jucheer
伊陵尸逐就單于
r.147-158/172; d.172
Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu
屠特若尸逐就單于
r.158/172–178AD
Huzheng
呼徵
r.178–179


Qiangqu
羌渠
r.179–188CE		Qubei
去卑		Panliuxi
潘六奚
Liu Meng
劉猛		Liu Gaoshengyuan
劉誥升爰
Chizhi Shizhu Hou
持至尸逐侯单于
b.150–d.196; r.188–195		Huchuquan
呼厨泉
r.195–216		Tiefu/Xia
state
Liu Bao
劉豹		Liu Hu
劉虎
Han-Zhao
state		Tiefu/Xia state
rulers family tree
Liu Yuan 劉淵 d.310
Guangwen of Han (Zhao)
漢(趙)光文帝 r.304–310
Han-Zhao rulers
family tree


See also

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References

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  1. ^ Museum notice
  2. ^ Kradin, Nikolay N. (23 January 2020). "Some Aspects of Xiongnu History in Archaeological Perspective". Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours. Vol. 53. pp. 149–165. doi:10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165. ISBN 978-963-306-708-6. Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A.N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995)
    Podushkin, A.A. 2009. Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane. In: Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi: Edited by Z. Samashev, Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic: 147‒154     {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") (in Russian)
  4. ^ Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.
  5. ^ Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21
  6. ^ Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.
  7. ^ Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
  8. ^ "Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185
  9. ^ "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389–394.
  10. ^ Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words". Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53).
  11. ^ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bichurin N.Ya. (1851). Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times. Vol. 1. p. 46
  13. ^ Pulleyblank, E. G. "Chinese and Indo-Europeans." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1/2 (1966): 9–39. www.jstor.org/stable/25202896.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "The Division and Destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy, Rafe de Crespigny, Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  15. ^ [1] Archived 2011-11-30 at the Wayback Machine note 208

Further reading

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  • Yap, Joseph P. (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. ISBN 978-1792829154.
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