Eunice aphroditois is a benthic bristle worm of warm marine waters. It lives mainly in the Atlantic Ocean, but can also be found in the Indo-Pacific.[1][2] It ranges in length from less than 10 cm (4 in) to 3 m (10 ft).[3] Its exoskeleton displays a wide range of colors, from black to purple and more. This species is an ambush predator; it hunts by burrowing its whole body in soft sediment on the ocean floor and waiting until its antennae detect prey.[4] It then strikes with its sharp mandibles.[5] It may also be found among coral reefs.
| Eunice aphroditois | |
|---|---|
| |
| A burrowed Eunice aphroditois | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Eunicida |
| Family: | Eunicidae |
| Genus: | Eunice |
| Species: | E. aphroditois
|
| Binomial name | |
| Eunice aphroditois Pallas, 1788
| |
Eunice aphroditois is also known as the bobbit worm[6][7] or bobbitt worm.[8] The name is believed to be taken from the John and Lorena Bobbitt case;[9] however, another proposed reason is due to its jaw. It is sometimes called the sand striker.[8] Another name associated with them is trap-jaw worm. Traces of their burrows have been noted in 2021 to have been found among fossils near Taiwan dating back twenty million years.[10]
Description
editThese ambush predators have five antennae on their head that are used to sense prey.[11] The body is covered by a hard exoskeleton.[12] The mandibles can be retracted inside the body and are responsible for striking and stunning prey; they are capable of snapping some prey in half.[13] Typically, E. aphroditois ranges from deep purple to black, with an iridescent skin. The largest known specimen on record reached 299 centimeters (9.81 ft) in length,[3] making it the longest known member of the polychaete class. Despite these great lengths, the worms are slim, with the body only about 25.5 millimeters (1.00 in) wide.
Habitat
editThis species may be found prowling among the prey-rich environment of coral reefs, where its coloration allows it to blend in and its slim body enables it to hunt in tight places.[13] It inhabits a wide range of other habitats,[14] particularly sandy and muddy sediments, as well as around rocks and sponges.[13] It has been recorded at depths of up to 95 meters (312 ft).[7]
Diet and interactions
editEunice aphroditois senses passing prey with its antennae, seizes the prey with their mandibles, and drags it into its burrow. This species is not only considered to be a carnivore, feeding on a plethora of species of fish, but it can rather be considered an herbivore or omnivore, feeding on algae, as well as a decomposer, feeding on dead and decaying matter.[15]
To reduce predation risk, some fish engage in mobbing behavior, during which a group of fish will direct jets of water into the worm's burrow to disorient it.[4]
Ancestral species may have exhibited the same hunting behavior 20 million years ago, according to fossil-records.[16]
Life-cycle
editEunice aphroditois's sexual reproduction organs have not been fully studied, therefore there is no clear answer of how they reproduce, though a proposed idea is that they reproduce similarly to Polychaetes.
The lifespan of E. aphroditois is believed to be three to five years.[17]
Regeneration
editLike many species of bristle worm, E. aphroditois can also reproduce asexually by splitting into multiple segments, then regenerating body parts such as the head or tail. This enables them to survive being attacked by predators.[18]
Aquaculture
editWhile not commonly kept in aquaculture, individuals of E. aphroditois are occasionally found in home aquaria, where smaller specimens can evade detection by being transported into the tank in live rocks, where they then grow in size.[19] As E. aphroditois hunts fish, it cannot be kept as part of a community tank and should be removed when found, as it will deplete the aquarium's stock by direct predation.[20]
E. aphroditois can be difficult to remove from aquariums due to their abilities to split into new individuals when cut in half,[18] dig holes into rocks, and curl up and hide in small rocks, despite their length.[21]
Fossil record
editFossil burrows from the Miocene of northeastern Taiwan have been likened to E. aphroditois. The burrows, classified in the ichnogenus Pennichnus, have been found preserved in fine-grained sandstone. They are L-shaped and can reach up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in length, with a vertical section covered in feather-like collapse structures comprising around 40% of the burrow length, connected by a short intermediate section to a horizontal section amounting for 50% of the length. The burrows are on average 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) wide at the entrance, and taper down to 2 centimetres (0.79 in) at the end of the horizontal section.[22]
References
edit- ^ Giangrande, A.; Delos, A. L.; Fraschetti, S.; Musco, L.; Licciano, M.; Terlizzi, A. (2003-12-01). "Polychaete assemblages along a rocky shore on the South Adriatic coast (Mediterranean Sea): patterns of spatial distribution". Marine Biology. 143 (6): 1109–1116. Bibcode:2003MarBi.143.1109G. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1162-0. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 85293536.
- ^ Fauchald, Kristian. "WoRMS- World Register of Marine Species".
- ^ a b Kubota, Shin; Tanase, Hidetomo; Uchida, Hiro'omi (March 2009). "An extraordinarily large specimen of the polychaete worm Eunice aphroditois (Pallas) (Order Eunicea) from Shirahama, Wakayama, central Japan". Kuroshio Biosphere. 5: 9–15. ISSN 1349-2705.
- ^ a b Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel; Lachat, Jose (2016-09-12). "Novel mobbing strategies of a fish population against a sessile annelid predator". Scientific Reports. 6: 33187. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633187L. doi:10.1038/srep33187. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5018815. PMID 27615670.
- ^ Study, Australian Biological Resources (2000). Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643065710.
- ^ Goslinger, Terrence (1996). Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. Sea Challengers. ISBN 0930118219.
- ^ a b "Eunice aphroditois, bobbit worm". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
- ^ a b Cormier, Zoe. "Snapping death worms can hide undetected for years". BBC Earth. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ Debelius, Helmut (2001). Asia Pacific Reef Guide: Malaysia, Indonesia, Palau, Philippines, Tropical Japan, China, Vietnam, Thailand. IKAN. p. 305. ISBN 9783925919565.
- ^ Black, Riley, Giant predatory worms lurked beneath the ancient seafloor, fossils reveal, National Geographic, January 21, 2021
- ^ Glasby, Christopher J.; Read, Geoffrey B. (September 1998). "A chronological review of polychaete taxonomy in New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 28 (3): 347–374. Bibcode:1998JRSNZ..28..347G. doi:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517570. ISSN 0303-6758.
- ^ Paiva, Paulo C.; Fauchald, Kristian; Zanol, Joana (2007-06-01). "A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Eunice (Eunicidae, polychaete, Annelida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (2): 413–434. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00302.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ a b c "Eunice aphroditois (Pallas 1788) - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org.
- ^ Fernando, Olivia J. (2011). "Eunicid Polychaetes (Annelida) from Great Nicobar Island, India: II. Order: Eunicida" (PDF). Rec. Zool. Surv. India. 111 (Part-4): 29–39. doi:10.26515/rzsi/v111/i4/2011/158819. S2CID 251713054.
- ^ Eriksson, Mats (2017). "Earth's oldest 'Bobbit worm' – gigantism in a Devonian eunicidan polychaete". Scientific Reports. 7: 43061. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743061E. doi:10.1038/srep43061. PMC 5318920. PMID 28220886.
- ^ Pan, Yu-Yen (2021). "The 20-million-year old lair of an ambush-predatory worm preserved in northeast Taiwan". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 1174. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.1174P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79311-0. PMC 7820589. PMID 33479265.
- ^ Holthuis, L.B. (1987). "Résultats des campagnes Musorstom. I et II - Philippines (1976, 1980). Tome 2. In: Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Série A, Zoologie. Tome 133. Décembre 1985. Paris. 525 pp. Price: 350 Fr. To be ordered from: Editions du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bibliothèque centrale du Muséum, 38 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris". Crustaceana. 53 (3): 320. doi:10.1163/156854087x00466. ISSN 0011-216X.
- ^ a b Stanton, Jenny (2013-10-24). "Bobbit worms 'split into sections to regenerate'". SurreyLive. Reach PLC. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
- ^ "Bobbit worm found at Woking aquatics store". BBC News. 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
- ^ Callum. "Bobbit Worm". RockNCritters. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
- ^ Tung, Liz (2022-11-25). "The Bobbit Worm Chronicles: One man's epic battle against the sea's creepiest crawly". WHYY. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
- ^ Pan, Yu-Yen; Nara, Masakazu; Löwemark, Ludvig; Miguez-Salas, Olmo; Gunnarson, Björn; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Chen, Tzu-Tung; Dashtgard, Shahin E. (2021-01-21). "The 20-million-year old lair of an ambush-predatory worm preserved in northeast Taiwan". Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79311-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7820589. PMID 33479265.