An abdomino perineal resection, formally known as abdominoperineal resection of the rectum and abdominoperineal excision of the rectum is a surgery for rectal cancer or anal cancer. It is frequently abbreviated as AP resection, APR and APER.
| Abdominoperineal resection | |
|---|---|
| Other names | abdominoperineal excision, or Miles operation |
| Specialty | General surgery |
Indication and description
editSee image on National Cancer Institute website The principal indication for AP resection is a rectal carcinoma situated in the distal (lower) one-third of the rectum.[1] Other indications include recurrent or residual anal carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma) following initial, usually definitive combination chemoradiotherapy.
APRs involves removal of the anus, the rectum and part of the sigmoid colon along with the associated (regional) lymph nodes, through incisions made in the abdomen and perineum. The end of the remaining sigmoid colon is brought out permanently as an opening, called a stoma, which is used by the patient in conjunction with a colostomy pouch, on the surface of the abdomen.
Centralisation of rectal surgery
editThis operation is one of the less commonly performed by general surgeons, although they are specifically trained to perform this operation. As low case volumes in rectal surgery have been found to be associated with higher complication rates,[2][3] it is often centralised in larger centres,[4] where case volumes are higher.
Laparoscopic approach
editThere are several advantages in terms of outcomes if the surgery can be performed laparoscopically[5]
Relation to low anterior resection (LAR)
editAn APR, generally, results in a worse quality of life than the less invasive lower anterior resection (LAR).[6][7] Thus, LARs are generally the preferred treatment for rectal cancer insofar as this is surgically feasible.
History
editWilliam Ernest Miles (1869–1947), an English surgeon first performed the surgery of removing the rectum in 1907. He assumed that the rectal cancer can spread in both upwards and downward directions, thus necessitating the removal of the entire rectum together with the anal sphincters, resulting in a permanent stoma by connecting the proximal end of the descending colon to the skin. Mile's operation became the gold standard for treating rectal cancer because his technique successfully reduced the rate of cancer recurrence.[8][9]
To reduce the incidence of death and suffering of the patients associated with the APR procedure, Henri Albert Hartmann introduced the anterior resection of the rectum by preserving the distal rectum and anal sphincters, while producing end-sigmoid colostomy. There were attempts to restore bowel continuity by joining the proximal colon with the rectum, but the high incidence of leakage from the anastomotic site caused an increased risk of death to patients. It was only in 1948, Claude Dixon successfully connected the proximal bowel to the rectum, thus allowing patients to have a 64% 5-year survival rate.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ American Cancer Society. Detailed Guide: Colon and Rectum Cancer. cancer.org. URL: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4x_Surgery_10.asp?sitearea= Archived May 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on: February 5, 2008.
- ^ Schrag D, Panageas KS, Riedel E, et al. (November 2002). "Hospital and surgeon procedure volume as predictors of outcome following rectal cancer resection". Ann. Surg. 236 (5): 583–92. doi:10.1097/00000658-200211000-00008. PMC 1422616. PMID 12409664.
- ^ Marusch F, Koch A, Schmidt U, Pross M, Gastinger I, Lippert H (October 2001). "Hospital caseload and the results achieved in patients with rectal cancer". Br J Surg. 88 (10): 1397–402. doi:10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01873.x. PMID 11578299. S2CID 3095483.
- ^ Martling A, Holm T, Cedermark B (2005). "[Skills by training. Education and case volume are strong prognostic factors in rectal cancer surgery]". Läkartidningen (in Swedish). 102 (6): 374–6. PMID 15754678.
- ^ Simorov A, Reynoso JF, Dolghi Thompson JS, Oleynikov D (2011). "Comparison of perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic versus open abdominoperineal resection". Am J Surg. 202 (6): 666–70. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.06.029. PMID 21983001.
- ^ McLeod RS (2001). "Comparison of quality of life in patients undergoing abdominoperineal extirpation or anterior resection for rectal cancer". Ann. Surg. 233 (2): 157–8. doi:10.1097/00000658-200102000-00002. PMC 1421195. PMID 11176119.
- ^ Grumann MM, Noack EM, Hoffmann IA, Schlag PM (2001). "Comparison of quality of life in patients undergoing abdominoperineal extirpation or anterior resection for rectal cancer". Ann. Surg. 233 (2): 149–56. doi:10.1097/00000658-200102000-00001. PMC 1421194. PMID 11176118.
- ^ a b Ganapathi SK, Subbiah R, Rudramurthy S, Kakkilaya H, Ramakrishnan P, Chinnusamy P (2021). "Laparoscopic anterior resection: Analysis of technique over 1000 cases". Journal of Minimal Access Surgery. 17 (3): 356–362. doi:10.4103/jmas.JMAS_132_20. PMC 8270051. PMID 33605924.
- ^ Miles, W. E. (1971). "A Method of Performing Abdomino-Perineal Excision for Carcinoma of the Rectum and of the Terminal Portion of the Pelvic Colon (1908)" (PDF). CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 21 (6): 361–364. doi:10.3322/canjclin.21.6.361. PMID 5001853. S2CID 73293240.