Rondane is a typical high mountain area, with large plateaus and a total of ten peaks above 2,000 m (6,560 ft). The highest point is Rondeslottet ("The Rondane Castle") at an altitude of 2,178 m (7,146 ft). The lowest point is just below the tree line, which is approximately 1,000 to 1,100 m (about 3,300 to 3,600 ft) above sea level. The climate is mild but relatively arid. Apart from the White Birch trees of the lower areas, the soil and rocks are covered by heather and lichen, since they lack nutrients. The largest mountains are almost entirely barren; above 1,500 m (5,000 ft) nothing but the hardiest lichens grow on the bare stones.

Rondane is part of a high plateau that stretches from the edge of the great western fjords at Åndalsnes and Sunndal to the hinterland of Lillehammer where the high plateau gradually changes into forested hills and bogs.

Rondane is Norway's oldest national park, created in 1962 "to safeguard the natural environment with its native plants, animal life, and cultural heritage and also to secure the environment as a recreational area for future generations". The protected area was notably enlarged in 2003 and now covers some 1000 km², an adjacent area at Dovrefjell was also made national park such that all the mountain areas between roads E6 and 27 now enjoys protection.

Painter Harald Sohlberg made several versions of his now iconic image "Winter's Night in Rondane", a key painting in romantic tradition. The first lines of Aasmund O. Vinje's poem "At Rondane" is instantly recognized by Norwegians: "Once more such heights and valleys stand before me, as those I saw when my first youth held sway." Vinje's poem was inspired by Goethe and was published in Memories of the trip in summer 1860. Edvard Grieg set music to Vinje's lyrics. Storys and legends from Rondane inspired Henrik Ibsen's famous drama-poem "Peer Gynt".

Sigrid Undset's Kristin Lavransdatter visits Rondane:

Kristin gazed with great eyes- never before had she dreamed that the world was so big and wide. Forest-shagged ranges lay below her on all sides; the valley was but a cleft betwixt the huge fells, and the side-glens still lesser clefts; there were many such, yet was there little of dale and much of fell. All around grey peaks, flaming with golden lichen, rose above the sea of forest, and far off, on the very brink of heaven, stood blue crests flashing here and there with snow, and melting, before their eyes, into the grey-blue and pure white summer clouds. But north-eastwards, nearer by- just beyond the woods- lay a cluster of mighty slate-coloured domes with streaks of new-fallen snow down their slopes.

Vegetation is generally poor in plant species, with some areas are richer than others. Lichen, a fine cross between an algae and a fungus, is the key vegetation of Rondane. The map lichen with their yellowish green markings across the rocks can be seen everywhere. Reindeer lichen (light and grey) and other types of lichen (e.g. Cladonia stellaris) create the characteristic lichen mats that serve as food for the reindeer during the winter months in places where the wind blows away most of the snow.

Rondane has a dry climate and low temperatures during the winter. The winters are stable with long periods of cold weather. Rondane has large areas of permafrost such that only the uppermost layer of soil defrosts during the summer months. Rondane is one of the driest places in Norway, annual precipitation is only 400-600 mm and very little snowfall in the northern corner of the area.

The non-profit trekking association runs several lodges in the area, there are also private lodges.

Camping is usually allowed by the lodges, for a fee for using the facilities of the lodge.

Hikers can use their own tent in the wilderness, not closer than 150 m to huts and lodges.