Religion in Belgium

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Christianity is the largest religion in Belgium, with the Catholic Church representing the largest community, though it has experienced a significant decline since the 1950s (when it was the nominal religion of over 80% of the population). Belgium's policy separates the state from the churches, and freedom of religion of the citizens is guaranteed by the country's constitution.

According to the Eurobarometer poll carried out by the European Commission in 2021, the share of Christians was 49%, with Catholicism being the largest denomination at 44%. Protestants and other Christians comprised 4% and Orthodox Christians comprised 1%. Non-religious people comprised 41% of the population and were divided between those who primarily identified as atheists (15%) or as agnostics (26%). A further 2% of the population was Muslim, with the remainder belonging to other religious or unspecified groups.

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll:^[2]

• 37% of Belgian citizens believe there is a god.
• 31% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force.
• 27% do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force.
• 5% declined to answer.

Some religious people dispute these precise figures, as it is difficult to determine the number of Belgian Christians that believe in a personal deity. What is also unclear is the number of registered Belgian Catholics with deistic beliefs or who periodically attend small Evangelical churches.

Religious group	Population % 1981[3]	Population % 2009[3]	Population % 2015[4][5][6]	Population % 2018[7]	Population % 2019[8][9]	Population % 2021[1]
Christianity	74.5%	52.5%	59%	63%	60%	49%
Catholicism	72.0%	50.0%	51%	57%	54%	44%
Protestantism and other Christians	2.5%	2.5%	6%	5%	5%	4%
Orthodox Christianity			2%	1%	1%	1%
Islam	3.0%	5.0%	5%	8%	5%	2%
Judaism	0.4%	0.4%	–	–	–	–
Buddhism	–	0.3%	–	–	–	1%
Other religions and unspecified including "Refusal to answer" and "Do not know"	–	–	5%	–	4%	7%
Atheism	2.5%	9.2%	14%	9%	10%	15%
Not religious	21.5%	32.6%	17%	20%	21%	26%

An online Ipsos survey conducted between 20 January and 3 February 2023 on a representative sample of Belgians aged 16 to 74 found that 47% had no religion, 44% was Christian, 4% was Muslim and 2% followed an other religion. The remaining 3% refused to answer. The Christians were further subdivided into 38% of total respondents being Catholic and 5% being other Christians. The sample size was more than 500 people and the confidence interval was +/- 5 percentage points.^[10]

The Belgian constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. However, government officials have the authority to research and monitor religious groups that are not officially recognised. There are a few reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice, and some reports of discrimination against minority religious groups.

Belgian law officially recognizes many religions, including Catholicism, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Islam, Judaism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, as well as non-religious philosophical organizations (Dutch: vrijzinnige levensbeschouwelijke organisaties; French: organizations laïques).^[11] Buddhism is in the process^[when?] of being recognized under the secular organization standard. Official recognition means that priests (called "counselors" within the secular organizations) receive a state stipend. Also, parents can choose any recognized denomination to provide religious education to their children if they attend a state school. Adherents to religions that are not officially recognized are not denied the right to practice their religion but do not receive state stipends.

After attaining autonomy from the federal government in religious matters, the Flemish Parliament passed a regional decree installing democratically elected church councils for all recognised religious denominations and making them subject to the same administrative rules as local government bodies, with important repercussions for financial accounting and open government. In 2006, however, Catholic bishops still appointed candidates to the Catholic Church councils because they had not decided on the criteria for eligibility; they were afraid that candidates might be merely baptized Catholics. By 2008, however, the bishops decided that candidates for the church councils had only to prove that they were over 18, a member of the parish church serving the town or village in which they lived, and baptized Catholic.^[12]

In 2022, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.^[13]

Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion, with particular strength in Flanders. However, by 2009, Sunday church attendance was 5.4% in Flanders, down from 12.7% in 1998.^[14] Nationwide, Sunday church attendance was 5% in 2009, down from 11.2% in 1998.^[15] As of 2015, 52.9% Belgian population claimed to belong to the Catholic Church.^[6] According to Ipsos, only 41% of the working-age, internet connected people declared to be Catholics.^[16]

Until 1998, the Catholic Church annually published key figures such as Sunday mass attendance and the number of baptized children. In 2006, it announced that mass attendance for the Christmas period was 11.5%, and weekly mass attendance (not only on Sundays) was 7%,^[17] for the Flanders region. Since 2000, Sunday church attendance in Flanders has dropped by an average of 0.5%–1% each year.^[18] In the years 2010 to 2016, 12,442 people in Flanders formally left the Catholic Church.^[19]

The “Catholic Church in Belgium 2023” report said that 50% of Belgium’s population identified as Catholic in 2022 down from 53% in 2017 with 8.9% attending Mass at least once a month.^[20]

In 1566, at the peak of Belgian Reformation, there were an estimated 300,000 Protestants, or 20% of the Belgian population.^[21] The Spanish reconquest of the Southern Netherlands in the Eighty Years' War prompted most of the Belgian Protestants to flee to the north or convert, causing the region to again be overwhelmingly Catholic. As of 2017, Protestantism represented 4% of the total population, according to Pew Research.^[22]

The Administrative Council of Protestant and Evangelical Religion in Belgium is a coordinating group that mediates between many Protestant groups and the government. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Protestant Church in Belgium, with some 138 affiliated churches.^[23]

Belgium had thirteen Anglican churches as of 2012,^[23] including the pro-cathedral, Holy Trinity, Brussels. They are part of the Church of England's Diocese in Europe, and of the Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe.^[24]

Eastern Orthodox Christians made up 1.6% of the total Belgian population in 2015.^[6] The region with the greatest proportion of Eastern Orthodox Christians was the Bruxelles-Capital Region, in which they formed 8.3% of the population.^[25] Ipsos' survey in 2016 found that Orthodox Christianity was the religion of about 1% of the working-age, internet connected Belgians.^[16] The Eastern Orthodox Church in Belgium is subdivided into several canonical jurisdictions: Russian, Ecumenical, Serbian, Romanian, and Bulgarian.

There are significant Armenian communities that reside in Belgium, many of them are descendants of traders who settled during the 19th century. Most Armenian Belgians are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, with smaller numbers belonging to the Armenian Catholic Church or the Armenian Evangelical Church. These churches have not yet received official recognition.

In 2015, according to the Eurobarometer survey made by the European Commission, 5.2% of the total Belgian population was Muslim.^[6] In a 2016 study, Ipsos found that 3% of the working-age, internet connected Belgian population declaring to be believers in Islam.^[16]

As of 2015, it was estimated that 7% of the Belgians (781,887) were Muslims, including 329,749 in Flanders (forming 5.1% of the region's population), 174,136 in Wallonia (4.9%), and 277,867 in Brussels (23.6%).^[26]

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There is a small but long-standing Jewish community concentrated in Antwerp.

Eurobarometer 2015 found only 0.2% of the total Belgian population declaring to be Buddhist.^[6] Despite that, one year later Ipsos found that 2% of the working-age, internet connected Belgians were Buddhists.^[16]

According to Ipsos, 1% of the working-age, internet-connected Belgians declared that they believed in Confucianism.^[16] This segment of the population may include many – if not all – the Chinese communities in Belgium.

Hinduism forms a negligible but growing minority in Belgium. In 2006, there were about 6,500 Hindus in the country.^[27] this increased to 7,901 Hindus in 2015^[28] and 10,000 in 2020.^[29] The majority of Hindus in Belgium originate from Nepal, some come from diamond trading communities in India, and some are native converts, mostly of the ISKON movement.^[30][27] Hindus in Belgium in 2023 push to be recognized as an official religion in Belgium.^[31]

Antoinism is a Christian-inspired new religious movement which was created by Louis-Joseph Antoine (1846–1912). It remains the only significant such movement to originate in Belgium and has adherents in France and elsewhere.

Jainism is an Indian religion which has around 2,000 adherents in Belgium (as of 2020), consisting mainly of Indian migrants who specialize in the diamond trade within Antwerp. The Shankheswar Parshvanath Jain temple, which is located in the Antwerpian municipality of Wilrijk, remains the only Jain temple within continental Europe.^[32]

After the Roman period, Christianity was brought back to the southern Low Countries by missionary saints like Willibrord and Amandus. In the 7th century, abbeys were founded in remote places, and it was mainly from these abbeys that the Christianization process was started. This process was expanded under the auspices of the Merovingian dynasty, and later by Charlemagne, who even waged war to impose the new religion.

From the Spanish military conquest of 1592 until the re-establishment of religious freedom in 1781 by the Patent of Toleration under Joseph II of Austria, Catholicism was the only religion allowed, on penalty of death, in the territories now forming Belgium. However, a small number of Protestant groups managed to survive at Maria-Horebeke, Dour, Tournai, Eupen, and Hodimont.^[33]

Religion was one of the differences between the almost solidly Catholic south and the predominantly Protestant north of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, formed in 1815. The union broke up in 1830 when the south seceded to form the Kingdom of Belgium. In Belgium's first century, Catholicism was such a binding factor socially that it prevailed over the language divide (Dutch versus French). The decline in religion's importance as a social marker across late-20th-century Western Europe explains to a large extent the current centrifugal forces in Belgium, with language differences (increasingly reinforced by a positive feedback effect in the media) no longer being kept in check by a religious binding factor. If anything, the Catholic Church has acquiesced to these changes by having a Dutch-speaking university (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) and a French-speaking university (Universite Catholique de Louvain).

Until the late 20th century, Catholicism played an important role in Belgian politics. One significant example was the so-called Schools' Wars (Dutch: schoolstrijd; French: guerres scolaires) between the country's philosophically left-wing parties (liberals at first, joined by Socialists later) and the Catholic party (later the Christian Democrats), which took place from 1879 to 1884 and from 1954 to 1958. Another important controversy happened in 1990, when the Catholic monarch, King Baudouin I, refused to ratify an abortion bill that had been approved by Parliament. The king asked Prime Minister Wilfried Martens and his government to find a solution, which proved novel. The government declared King Baudouin unfit to fulfill his constitutional duties as monarch for one day. Government ministers signed the bill in his place^[34] and then proceeded to reinstate the king after the abortion law had come into effect.

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In 2002, the officially recognized Protestant denomination at the time, the United Protestant Church of Belgium^[35] (consisting of around 100 member churches, usually with a Calvinist or Methodist past) and the unsubsidized Federal Synod of Protestant and Evangelical Churches (which had 600 member churches in 2008 but did not include all Evangelical and Charismatic groups outside the Catholic tradition) together formed the Administrative Council of the Protestant and Evangelical Religion (ARPEE in Dutch, CACPE in French). The council is now the accepted mouthpiece of Protestantism in all three linguistic communities of Belgium: Dutch, French, and German.

The 21st century has witnessed significant changes in the religious demography of Belgium, characterized by a decline of Catholicism and the growth of irreligion and other religions, some of them brought by waves of immigration from foreign countries, including Pentecostalism, Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Chinese religions.^{[citation needed][clarification needed]}

Apart from Islam, however, these groups are very small demographically, especially alongside the unaffiliated demographic of 37%.^[36]

• History of religion in the Netherlands
• History of the Jews in Belgium
• Buddhism in Belgium
• Catholic Church in Belgium
• Hinduism in Belgium
• Islam in Belgium
• Irreligion in Belgium
• Jainism in Belgium
• Scientology in Belgium
• Sikhism in Belgium