Nart saga
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The Nart sagas (Abkhaz: Нарҭаа ражәабжьқәа; Nartaa raƶuabƶkua; Adyghe: Нарт тхыдэжъхэр, romanized: Nart txıdəĵxər; Ossetian: Нарты кадджытæ, Нарти кадæнгитæ, romanized: Narty kaddžytæ, Narti kadængitæ) are a series of tales originating from the North Caucasus. They form much of the basic mythology of the ethnic groups in the area, including Abazin, Abkhaz, Circassian, Ossetian, Karachay-Balkar, and to some extent Chechen-Ingush folklore.
Etymology
[edit]The term nart comes from the Ossetian Nartæ, which is plurale tantum of nar.[1] The derivation of the root nar is of Iranian origin, from Proto-Iranian *nar for 'hero, man', descended from Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr.[2] In Ingush and Chechen, the word nart means 'giant'.
Characters
[edit]Some of the characters who feature prominently in the sagas are:
- Sosruko or Soslan (Ubykh, Abkhaz and Adyghe: sawsərəqʷa (Саусырыкъо); Ossetian: Soslan (Сослан)) – a hero who sometimes also appears as a trickster
- Batraz (Ossetian: Батырадз) – the leader and greatest warrior of the Narts
- Satanaya (Ubykh: satanaja; Adyghe: Setenej (Сэтэнай); Ossetian: Satana (Сатана)) – the mother of the Narts, a fertility figure and matriarch
- Tlepsh (Adyghe and Abaza: [ɬapʃ]; Ossetian: Kwyrdalægon (Куырдалæгон)) – a blacksmith deity
- Syrdon (Ossetian: Сырдон) – a trickster figure compared by Georges Dumezil to the Norse god Loki (see ru:Сырдон)
- Pkharmat (Chechen: Pẋarmat (Пхьармат)) – in the Nakh peoples' Vainakh epos, a blacksmith figure who steals fire from the gods for the mortals[3]
- Akhsar and Akhsartag (Ossetian: Æхсæр, Æхсæртæг) are twin brothers who are heroes in Ossetian mythology and sons of Warhag. Akhsartag is also the father of the narts Uryzmaeg and Haemyts.
- Dzerassae (Ossetian: Дзерассæ) – daughter of the sea-god Donbettyr, and mother of many Nart heroes.
- Uryzmaeg (Ossetian: Уырызмæг, Орæзмæг, Урузмæг, Adyghe: Орзэмэдж/Озырмэс, Kabardian: Уэзырмэс, Chechen: Орзми, Ingush: Урузман, Abkhazian/Abaza: Уазырмас, Karachay-Balkar: Ёрюзмек) is the hero of the Nart saga, son of Akhsartag and Dzerassae.
- Haemyts (Ossetian: Хæмыц, Adyghe: Хъымыщ, Kabardian: Хъымыщ, Chechen: Хамчи, Ingush: Хамча, Abkhazian: Хмышь, Abaza: Хъмыщ, Karachay-Balkar: Хымыч) is the hero of the, son of Akhsartag and Dzerassae, the father of the hero Batraz and the twin brother of Uruzmaeg, with whom they often went on conquest campaigns together.
Study and significance
[edit]The first Westerner to take note of the Nart stories was the German scholar Julius von Klaproth, who traveled to the Caucasus during the first decade of the 19th century.[4] The earliest written account of the material is attributed to the Kabardian author Shora Begmurzin Nogma, who wrote in Russian in 1835–1843, published posthumously in 1861. A German translation by Adolf Berge was published in 1866 (Berge 1866). The stories exist in the form of prose tales as well as epic songs.
It is generally known that some of the Nart corpora have an ancient Iranian core, inherited from the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans (the latter being the ancestors of the Ossetians).[5] However, they also contain abundant local North Caucasian accretions of great antiquity, which sometimes reflect an even more archaic past.[2]
The Ossetes consider the Nart epic to be a central feature of their national identity.[6] Based especially on the Ossetian versions, the Nart stories have been valued by scholars as a window towards the world of the Iranian-speaking cultures of antiquity, and as an important source for comparative Indo-European mythology. For example, the philologist Georges Dumézil used the Ossetian division of the Narts into three clans to support his Trifunctional Hypothesis that the Proto-Indo-Europeans were similarly divided into three castes—warriors, priests, and commoners.
The Northwest Caucasian (Circassian, Abkhaz-Abasin and Ubykh) versions are also highly valuable because they contain more archaic accretions and preserve "all the odd details constituting the detritus of earlier traditions and beliefs", as opposed to the Ossetian ones, which have been "reworked to form a smooth narrative".[2][5]
Connections to other mythology
[edit]Some motifs in the Nart sagas are shared by Greek mythology. The story of Prometheus chained to Mount Kazbek or to Mount Elbrus in particular is similar to an element in the Nart sagas. These shared motifs are seen by some as indicative of an earlier proximity of the Caucasian peoples to the ancient Greeks, also shown in the myth of the Golden Fleece, in which Colchis is generally accepted to have been part of modern-day Georgia.
In the book From Scythia to Camelot, authors C. Scott Littleton and Linda A. Malcor speculate that many aspects of the Arthurian legends are derived from the Nart sagas. The proposed vector of transmission is the Alans, some of whom migrated into northern France at around the time the Arthurian legends were forming. As expected, these parallels are most evident in the Ossetian versions, according to researcher John Colarusso.[5] For more details, see "Historicity of King Arthur – Lucius Artorius Castus and the Sarmatian connection."
Differences between Nart legends
[edit]There are some differences between the various versions of the Nart legends. For example, the Ossetian versions depict the Nartic tribe as composed of three distinct clans that sometimes rival one another: the brave Æxsærtægkatæ (to whom the most prominent Narts belong), the rich Borætæ, and the wise Alægatæ; the Circassian versions do not depict such a division. The Abkhaz versions are unique in describing the Narts as a single nuclear family composed of Satanaya's one hundred sons.[7] All of these versions describe the Narts as a single coherent group of (mostly) "good" heroes.
Some Nakh (Chechen-Ingush) legends include a group called the Nart-Orxustxoi, which includes the most prominent Narts known from the other versions (e.g. Seska-Solsa corresponding to Sosruko/Soslan, Khamtsha-Patarish corresponding to Batraz/Batradz, etc.) In contrast to the Ossetian and Abkhaz versions, the Nakh legends depict the Narts as warlike bandits who fight against local good heroes such as Koloi-Kant and Qinda-Shoa (with Qinda-Shoa corresponding to Sawway/Shawey). [8]
Shayan Javadi, the Persian translator of "Nart" by matching the Ossetian, Abkhaz, Abaza, Circassian, and Ubykh versions, has been able to identify the lineage of some characters who have only been named. For instance, by recreating a character named "Qânzezâd (Abaza: Qanzhoquo)," he believes that he is the son of Azaukhan in the Ossetian version.[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Abaev, V.I., ed. (1973), ИСТОРИКО-ЭТИМОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ ОСЕТИНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Ossetian language] (in Russian), vol. II (L-R), p.158-9 "Nartae, Nart"
- ^ a b c Colarusso 2002, pp. xxiv, 552.
- ^ Tsaroieva 2005, p. 199.
- ^ Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. p. 62. ISBN 9780755618453.
- ^ a b c Colarusso 2002.
- ^ Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. p. 59. ISBN 9780755618453.
- ^ Tokarev, S.A., ed. (1980), Mify narodov mira [Myths of the World] (encyclopedia) (in Russian), vol. 2 (K-Ya), Narty
- ^ Tsaroieva 2005, p. 215.
- ^ Iryston.tv (6 April 2022). "Ирайнаг горæт Ахвазы цæрæг Шаян Джавади персайнаг æвзагмæ тæлмац кæны ирон фысджыты уацмыстæ".
Sources
[edit]- Nogmov, Schora Bekmursin (1866), Bergé, Adolf (ed.), Die Sagen und Lieder des Tscherkessen-Volks [The legends and songs of the Circassian peoples] (in German), Leipzig, P. Wigan
- Colarusso, John, ed. (2002), Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400865284
- Also published as Nart Sagas: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Circassians and Abkhazians, Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-16914-9, with an introduction by Adrienne Mayor
- Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780755618453.
- Tsaroïeva, Mariel (2005), Anciennes Croyances des Ingouches et des Tchetchenes [Old beliefs of the Ingush and Chechens] (in French), Maisonneuve et Larose, ISBN 2-7068-1792-5
Further reading
[edit]Circassian Nart sagas
[edit]- More Nart Tales, archived from the original on 13 January 2017 , English translations
- Нарты. Адыгский эпос [Narta. The Adyghe epic] (in Russian) , Russian translations
- Articles:
- Colarusso, John (Dec 1989), "Myths from the Forests of Circassia", The World & I, archived from the original on 11 February 2007
- Colarusso, John (Dec 1989), "Prometheus among the Circassians", The World & I, archived from the original on 24 May 2011
- Colarusso, John (1989), "The Woman of the Myths: the Satanaya Cycle" (PDF), The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia, 2: 3–11, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007
Ossetian Nart sagas
[edit]- Colarusso, John, ed. (2016), Tales of the Narts: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Ossetians, translated by May, Walter, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691211527
- КАТАЛОГ [Catalog] (in Ossetic), three collections of legends (Dzhanayev, Gutiev and Skodtayev/Kibirov, the latter from the Digor dialect area). The first collection (the 1946 Dzhanayev edition) is also available in the form of older and newer audio recordings
- Калоев, Б.А.; Либединский, Ю. (eds.), СКАЗАНИЯ О НАРТАХ [Tales of the Narts] (in Russian): a translation, with slight modifications, of the Dzhanayev edition at the previous link
- "Ossetic Nartic Tales", TITUS (Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien) (legends collected from the Digor dialect area, edited by M. Gardanti)
Abkhaz Nart sagas
[edit]- Инал-ипа, Ш.Д.; Шакрыл, К.С.; Шинкуба, Б.В.; Инал-ипа, Ш.Д.; Гулия, Г.; Солоухина, В. (eds.), Приключения нарта Сасрыквы и его девяноста девяти братьев [The Adventures of the Sasrykva Nart and His Ninety-nine Brothers] (in Russian), archived from the original on 28 September 2007
Karachay-Balkar Nart sagas
[edit]- Tavkul, Ufuk (2000), "A Good Sample For Cultural Diffusion - A Hero Who Carries The Characteristics Of Prophet David In The Nart Epos Of Karachay-Balkar People - Nart Debet, The Smith", The International Symposium of "NART EPOS", archived from the original on 1 March 2012
- Чиппаевич, Джуртубаев Махти (ed.), Balkaria.info Героический эпос о нартах [The heroic epic of Narta] (in Russian), archived from the original on 30 September 2007 , detailed set of tales
- Russian translations from Липкина, С., ed. (1987), Дебет златоликий и его друзья [Debet the golden haired and his friends] (in Russian)
- Нарты РАЧИКАУ, СЫН ЧУЖЕЗЕМЦА (in Russian), archived from the original on 28 February 2006 , (part 1)
- Наш героический эпос о нартах - КАК ЁРЮЗМЕК УБИЛ КРАСНОЛИКОГО РЫЖЕБОРОДОГО ФУКА, archived from the original on 26 July 2011 , (part 2)
Chechen-Ingush Nart sagas
[edit]- Abdulayeva, Kh.R. (2002), "18. The Inception of Chechen artistic writing: ethni-historical and aesthetic prerequisites" (PDF), The Culture of Chechnya: History and Modern Problems, pp. 129–147, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2009, retrieved 9 August 2007
- Accounts of Chechen and Ingush beliefs by Ch.E.Akhriev
- Akhriev, Ch.E., [various] (in Russian), archived from the original on 1 April 2008
- Akhriev, Ch.E., [various] (in Russian), archived from the original on 2 April 2008
- ЧЕЧЕНСКИЕ СКАЗАНИЯ [Chechen Tales] (in Russian), archived from the original on 1 March 2012
Miscellaneous
[edit]- "[Category: Causcasus]", Wanana sculun Frankon - Linguistics, History, Mythology and More , Causcasian folklore articles
- Dudziak, Arkadiusz; Payunena, Marina (June 2019). "Индоевропейские антропологические и культурные источники осетинского героического эпоса как пример номадизма идей и ценностей (к постановке проблемы)" [Indo-European anthropological and cultural sources of the Ossetian heroic epic as an example of nomadism of ideas and values (problem statement)]. Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski (East European Review) (in Russian). 10 (1). UWM Publishing House: 289–304. doi:10.31648/pw.4525.
- Дувакин Евгений Николаевич. "Кельто-кавказские фольклорные параллели и возможные сценарии их происхождения" [FOLKLORE PARALLELS BETWEEN CELTIC AND CAUCASIAN TRADITIONS: THE EURASIAN CONTEXT AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS OF THE ORIGIN]. Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология, no. 23–1, 2019, pp. 295–307. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kelto-kavkazskie-folklornye-paralleli-i-vozmozhnye-stsenarii-ih-proishozhdeniya (дата обращения: 29.09.2021). (In Russian)
External links
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