Luke Short

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Luke Lamar Short
Born	(1854-01-22)January 22, 1854 Polk County, Arkansas, US
Died	September 8, 1893(1893-09-08) (aged 39) Geuda Springs, Kansas, United States
Occupation(s)	Cowboy, gambler, saloon owner, gunfighter, Army scout, boxing promoter
Spouse	Hattie Buck

Luke Lamar Short (January 22, 1854 – September 8, 1893) was an American Old West gunfighter, cowboy, U.S. Army scout, dispatch rider, gambler, boxing promoter, and saloon owner. He survived numerous gunfights, the most famous of which were against Charlie Storms in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, and against Jim Courtright in Fort Worth, Texas. Short had business interests in three of the best-known saloons in the Old West: the Oriental in Tombstone, the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City, and the White Elephant in Fort Worth.

Short was born in Polk County, Arkansas, in January 1854. He was the fifth child of Josiah Washington Short (February 2, 1812 – February 8, 1890) and his wife Hetty Brumley (February 2, 1826 – November 30, 1908).^[1] Short had nine siblings. The family moved to Montague County, Texas shortly after Short's birth.

In 1862, Luke Short witnessed his father being ambushed and attacked by a group of Comanches in their yard. His father was surrounded by the group and attacked with arrows and lances. Inside the house, Luke helped the elder Short by dragging a large rifle to his brother, who then ran and handed it to his father.^[2] At the age of 13, Luke was said to have "carved" the face of a bully when he was still at school, which was the reason why he and his father moved to Fort Worth.^[3]

In 1869, at age 15, Short started work as a cowboy, which he continued through 1875, during which he made several trips to the Kansas railheads.^[4]

Short was reported by Bat Masterson to have killed six drunken Sioux at various times.^[5] Later writers have relied on Masterson's story as truthful and added to it, but no documentation of these killings has been found.^[4] Nonetheless, Short had been in over 30 engagements fighting Indians while working for the government, with his first fight occurring in 1869.^[6] While working as a scout for General George Crook in 1876, he was stationed in the Black Hills during the Sioux insurrection. While conducting a scouting expedition for the army, a band of 15 Indians ambushed and fired at him with rifles.^[7] Short managed to draw his pistols and fired back, killing three of the attackers. Some of the Indians gave chase on horseback, and Short killed two of them before finally reaching safety.

From October 6 to 8, 1878, Short worked as a dispatch courier from Ogallala for Major Thomas Tipton Thornburgh; Short earned $30 (about $950 in 2023). He then served as a civilian scout for Thornburgh until October 20. He enlisted at Sidney, Nebraska to be paid $100 a month (around $3160 today) but he only served for 12 days, for which he was paid $40.^[8] The Fort Worth Daily Gazette later described him as "the bravest scout in the government employ."^{[citation needed]}

In an interview later in his life, Short told researcher George H. Morrison that he moved to the Black Hills in 1876 and to Ogallala, Nebraska, the next year.^[9] Accounts written in Short's later years stated that he was an outlaw during his time in Nebraska.^[10] Around this time, Short was said to have traded whiskey with Indians around Camp Robinson, Nebraska.^[3] According to his nephew Wayne Short, Luke was arrested by the army. They put him on a train destined for Omaha, but Luke managed to escape the army escort and went to the makeshift mining and cowtown of Denver, Colorado, taking up gambling as a profession. He is said to have killed two men on separate occasions due to altercations during their card games.^[3]

Short moved to Leadville, Colorado, in 1879, where he continued gambling.^[11] Bat Masterson later wrote that Short seriously wounded a man during a gambling dispute in Leadville.^[5] He was accused of swindling Texan John Jones "out of $280 on Three Card Monte" ^[12] and jailed on October 5 for six days in Kansas City.^[13]

Short first met Wyatt Earp, William H. Harris, and Bat Masterson in Tombstone. Based on their previous friendship, Harris had no problem convincing his partners to engage Earp as a faro dealer at their Oriental Saloon in Tombstone. On Friday, February 25, 1881, Short was serving as the lookout, seated next to the dealer at a faro game in the Oriental, when he was involved in what became a well-known gunfight. His opponent was Charlie Storms. Bat Masterson, who was in Tombstone at the time, described what happened in a magazine article he wrote in 1907:

Storms did not know Short, and like the bad man in Leadville, had sized him up as an insignificant-looking fellow, whom he could slap in the face without expecting a return. Both were about to pull their pistols when I jumped between them and grabbed Storms, at the same time requesting Luke not to shoot, a request I knew he would respect if it was possible without endangering his own life too much. I had no trouble in getting Storms out of the house, as he knew me to be his friend ... I was just explaining to Luke that Storms was a very decent sort of man when, lo and behold!, there he stood before us, without saying a word, he took hold of Luke's arm and pulled him off the sidewalk, where he had been standing, at the same time pulling his pistol, a Colt's cut-off, 45 calibre, single action; but like the Leadvillian, he was too slow, although he succeeded in getting his pistol out. Luke stuck the muzzle of his pistol against Storm's heart and pulled the trigger. The bullet tore the heart asunder, and as he was falling, Luke shot him again. Storms was dead when he hit the ground.^{[14][notes 1]}

Storms' body was taken to the undertaker, where the coroner's jury was convened and testimony was heard. The jury reached a verdict that Storms died from three pistol wounds at the hands of Short, and that Short's actions were justifiable.^[15][16] Short was free to go, as no further legal action was taken.

Five days after Storms died, the Leadville Democrat wrote about the shooting. It said that Storms approached Short and "catching him by the ear", demanded an apology. According to the account, Storms grabbed Short's ear with his left hand and his right hand contained a pistol aimed at Short. Short drew his weapon and shot Storms, who returned fire, but missed. Short then put two more bullets into "the sinking soul of Storms."^[16]

Short left Tombstone in early 1881, arriving in Dodge City in April 1881. He remained in Dodge City until the final months of 1883, although he made frequent trips to pursue gambling opportunities. In February 1883, Chalk Beeson sold his interest in the Long Branch Saloon to Short.^[17] In March, Harris was nominated to run for mayor of Dodge City. Within a few days, on March 19, a "law and order" group nominated Lawrence E. Deger to run against Harris. Deger defeated Harris by 214 votes to 43 in the election of April 3. All five of the city council candidates running with Deger were also elected.^[18]

On April 23, the Dodge City Council posted two ordinances that were immediately approved by Mayor Deger. Ordinance No. 70 was "An Ordinance for the Suppression of Vice and Immorality Within the City of Dodge City." Ordinance No. 71 was "An Ordinance to Define and Punish Vagrancy." Reports of that time recorded an event where Short beat a man with a pistol, which resulted in the man being bedridden and "in despair" for several days.^[19] On April 28, three prostitutes employed at the Long Branch were arrested by City Marshal Jack Bridges and policeman Louis C. Hartman. Soon afterward, Short and Hartman exchanged gunfire. Neither man was hurt. Short was quickly arrested and released on a $2,000 bond. His preliminary examination was set for May 2.^[20]

On April 30, Short was again arrested (along with five other gamblers) and placed in jail. The following day, Short and the five others were escorted to the train depot and given their choice of east- or west-bound trains.^[21] Short went east to Kansas City, Missouri, where he looked up Charles E. Bassett at the Marble Hall Saloon. Bassett and Short had both at different times owned an interest in the Long Branch Saloon.^[22]

Short and Bassett, along with William F. Petillon, began conceiving a plan to get Short back to Dodge City. Short went to Topeka, the capital, on May 10, where he presented a petition to Governor George W. Glick. Short returned to Kansas City and was joined there by Bat Masterson. Wyatt Earp arrived in Dodge City, along with several gunfighters, on May 31. Short, Earp, and Petillon met in Kinsley, Kansas, on June 3, 1883, and took the afternoon train to Dodge City. Deger issued a proclamation the following day ordering the closing of all gambling places in Dodge City.^[23]

Deger's action came during the cattle season and critics believed this would cause harm by lessening the money spent in the city. Additional pressure to resolve the issue had come from the governor and the Santa Fe Railroad, which did considerable business in the town. The gambling halls, dance halls, and saloons, including the Long Branch, were ordered to be reopened. On June 9, both sides met in a dance hall that opened that night and resolved their differences. The following day, eight men gathered and posed for a widely reproduced Wild West history photo. The group was dubbed the Dodge City Peace Commission. The men in the historic photo were William H. Harris, Luke Short, Bat Masterson, William F. Petillon, Charles E. Bassett, Wyatt Earp, Michael Francis "Frank" McLean, and Cornelius "Neil" Brown. Shortly after the photo was taken, Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp departed for Colorado.^[25]

The Long Branch Saloon, owned by Short, was reopened. On November 19, 1883, Short and Harris sold the Long Branch to Roy Drake and Frank Warren. Short moved to San Antonio, Texas, for a brief time before relocating to Fort Worth.^[26]

In December 1884, Jacob Christopher "Jake" Johnson, Short, and James A. "Alex" Reddick became the new owners of the Fort Worth White Elephant Saloon.^[27] Jake Johnson was one of the wealthiest men in Texas, and his part ownership of the White Elephant was one of many business and real estate enterprises he was involved in. The White Elephant was described in The Fort Worth Daily Gazette of December 12, 1884, as the "pride of the city" and "the largest and most magnificent establishment in the state." The paper detailed the various games of chance, in the "club rooms" of which Short was in charge. That large gambling section also included a dozen billiard tables. Short maintained an office at the White Elephant and often greeted customers. On May 9, 1885, Short, Jake Johnson, M.F. "Frank" McLean, and three others pleaded guilty and were each fined $25 for "gaming."^[28]

During this time in Fort Worth, Short performed one of his well-known acts of marksmanship.^[29] While dining in a restaurant, the waiter handed him a glass of milk that had a small fly on the surface. Short threw his milk in the air, drew his gun, and shot the fly.

Short became involved in boxing through Bat Masterson. On June 28, 1885, he was called upon to referee a match fought near Weatherford, Texas, between the 6-foot-2-inch "Kid Bridges" and the 5-foot-8-inch "St. Joe Kid". The decision of referee Short was that the "St. Joe Kid" won on a foul.^[30]

Jake Johnson was responsible for making horse racing a major part of Short's sporting agenda. Johnson and two partners opened the Fort Worth Driving Park in January 1885. Short bought a racehorse named Tobe, along with some jockey silks for himself. Short participated in a race held on November 13, 1886, placing last in a field of five.^[31]

In 1887, Short's younger brother, Henry Jenkins Short, killed a man named Charles T. Schuyler in San Angelo, Texas, on January 23. San Angelo, 200 miles southwest of Fort Worth, was where Short's parents and other family members lived. Initial reports indicated that Schuyler was shot twice, the bullets entering his back and coming out at the front, either one of which would have been fatal. Henry Short fled to Fort Worth before he could be arrested, to enlist the aid and funds that his brother Luke could provide for his defense. Luke and Henry returned to San Angelo on January 29. Henry voluntarily surrendered to the sheriff and gave a bond for his appearance in the district court.

The money needed to defend Henry Short was to be provided by Luke, who had also provided the money for Henry's bond. In addition, Luke had at the time unrelated legal problems of his own in the Dallas court. The amount that would be needed to handle all of these legal issues was more than Luke had available. To raise the needed funds, Johnson agreed to purchase Luke Short's one-third interest in the White Elephant on February 7, 1887.^[32] The press informed the public that Short had no intention of leaving town, "but will continue to call Fort Worth home."^[33]

On the night of February 8, 1887, an argument broke out between Luke Short and Jim Courtright about the latter's persistence in demanding money from Luke's establishment for "protection". An infuriated Courtright stormed from the saloon but later returned with two pistols visibly holstered in his pockets.^[34] He yelled for Luke Short to come out, but Jake Johnson, a friend of both men, tried to calm Courtright down. Short met with the two men outside and talked about their dispute as they walked through the street. The group, however, suddenly stopped at Ella Blackwell's Shooting Gallery. Luke Short was facing Courtright three to four feet away when the Courtright suddenly went for his pistol, making Short draw his own in return.^[35][36] In the gunfight that followed, Short was the last man standing.^[35][37] In his own words, Short described what happened:

Early in the evening ... I was at the bar with a couple of friends when someone called me. I went out into the vestibule and saw Jim Courtright and Jake Johnson ... I walked out with them upon the sidewalk, and we had some quiet talk on private affairs. I reminded him of some past transactions, not in an abusive or reproachful manner, to which he assented, but not in a very cordial way. I was standing with my thumbs in the armholes of my vest and had dropped them in front of me to adjust my clothing, when he remarked, 'Well, you needn't reach for your gun,' and immediately put his hand in his hip pocket and pulled his. When I saw him do that, I pulled my pistol and began shooting, for I knew that his action meant death. He must have misconstrued my intention in dropping my hands before me. I was merely adjusting my clothing, and never carry a pistol in that part of my dress.^[38]

The showdown was also witnessed by Bat Masterson, who was with Luke Short at the time.^[34] In 1907, Masterson published his own account of the events, where he stated that Jim Courtright, carrying a "brace of pistols", challenged Luke Short to a duel:

No time was wasted in the exchange of words once the men faced each other. Both drew their pistols at the same time, but as usual, Short's spoke first and a bullet from a Colt's 45-calibre pistol went crashing through Courtright's body. The shock caused him to reel backward; then he got another and still another, and by the time his lifeless form had reached the floor, Luke had succeeded in shooting him five times.^[34]

Investigations of the gunfight concluded that while Courtright went for his pistol first, Short ultimately outdrew and killed him.^[39][40] Several explanations for Courtright's inability to fire off a shot were theorized. One possibility presented was that his pistol broke when one of Short's bullets struck it and his thumb, or that his pistol got caught on his watch chain for a second as he drew it, which Western historian DeArment considered to be unlikely or a "feeble excuse".^[41]

The gunfight became well known due to the notoriety of both men. Courtright's funeral was attended by hundreds of Fort Worth residents. Short was arrested for the shooting, and though he was almost lynched after the shootout, he was never brought to trial.^[36][37] Short was eventually able to settle his legal problems with the court in Dallas, where all of the cases against him were dismissed with no explanation.^[42]

Following the resolution of his legal problems, Short traveled to Kansas where he married Hattie Buck (born October 5, 1863) in Oswego, Kansas, on March 15, 1887.^[43] Harriet Beatrice Buck was born in Coles County, Illinois, on October 5, 1863. She was the fourth of eight children born between 1858 and 1878. Buck's family later moved to Emporia, Kansas, where her father died a few years prior to her marriage. Short and his wife went to Fort Worth shortly after their wedding, but soon boarded a train "for a brief stay in Hot Springs."^[44] A.G. Arkwright later recalled, "Luke Short came there, to the hotel where I was staying, with his wife, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of an Emporia banker, whom he married under romantic circumstances."^[45]

"Doing the racing circuit" was a large part of Short's career as a sporting man. His friend Jake Johnson and he, along with their wives, attended the inaugural running of the Futurity Stakes on Labor Day 1888, held in New York at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track on Coney Island. By October 1888, Short and Johnson were back in Fort Worth. Short was no longer connected with the White Elephant, and Johnson had decided to open what the local paper headlined as a "super resort" called the Palais Royal, which was designed to rival the White Elephant.^[46]

From 1889 to 1893, Short spent part of each year in Chicago. He and his wife Hattie often went there during the summer to attend Thoroughbred horse races. By the end of 1889, Short had become well known in Chicago. The Daily Inter Ocean reported that Short, "who is numbered as one of the prominent figures of the Richburg battle" had cabled Charles E. "Parson" Davies offering $20,000 to have John L. Sullivan defend his boxing title in a championship fight at Fort Worth.^[47]

On February 8, 1890, Short's father, Josiah Washington Short, died in San Angelo, Texas, "at the ripe age of 78 years",^[48] although Short only learned of his father's death after the burial. Soon thereafter, Short's youngest brother, William B. Short, was killed at the age of 22 "by a herd of stampeding cattle on the Tankersly ranch."^[49][50][51]

In 1890, Short, Johnson, and a gambler named Charles M. Wright, along with other sporting men, were partners in some Memphis faro games. The partners won significant amounts of cash, reported as "thousands of dollars", which were entrusted to Wright. He was designated as the banker for the group and was supposed to place the winnings in a hotel safe where the group stayed. For unknown reasons, Wright decided to keep the cash in his hotel room and was robbed of the entire amount. Wright wanted Short and his other partners to bear an equal share of the loss, but they refused and turned the matter over to the authorities, who decided against Wright. According to a later report, Wright was never satisfied with that decision, and had "hard words" with several of his ex-partners on the subject, particularly with Short."^[52]

After the robbery earlier in 1890, tensions between Short and Wright continued to escalate. Their feud culminated in a gunfight in Fort Worth on December 23, 1890. The gunfight took place at the Bank Saloon on Main Street which was owned by Wright. In testimonies presented by eyewitnesses, Wright was conducting gambling in his house and Short went there to close it down. After Short evicted all the patrons at gunpoint, Wright ambushed him with a shotgun, wounding Short in the left hip and leg, as well as injuring his left hand.^[53] Short retaliated by drawing his pistol and shooting Wright in the right wrist, disarming him. Both men then separated ways, with Short going out to meet his friends, while Wright stayed in the building.

In describing Short's leg wound, the local paper said, "the full charge of buckshot passed through the flesh, making a tunnel, the muscles on the outside were torn out." The wound on his left hand resulted in his thumb being "taken off at the joint."^[54] Reports of the shooting, along with updates on Short's condition, were published in newspapers in several states. A paper in Hutchinson, Kansas, observed, "his wounds are enough to kill a common man, but Luke may get well."^[55] Short remained bedridden for months. In 1891, a Chicago newspaper published a lengthy profile of Short. When discussing the gunfight with Wright, the paper reported: "It was supposed at the time that Short was fatally wounded, and his recovery was wholly due to the careful nursing of his wife, who for three months hardly left his bedside."^[56] Both Short and Wright were indicted and charged with assault with intent to murder and made bonds in the sum of $1,000.^[57] The trial date was changed more than once, and a final decision was not reached until March 1, 1892.

By May 21, 1891, Short had sufficiently recovered from his wounds, and travelled to Chicago with Johnson, accompanied by his wife.^[58] The trip coincided with the start of the racing season, and Johnson and Short both owned a string of horses that would be running at Washington Park Race Track in Chicago.

During this trip, Short was accosted in the lobby of the Leland Hotel by a drunken attorney named James J. Singleton in late October 1891. According to the report, Short did not have his pistol but managed to give Singleton a few kicks, knocking him down. Short then picked him up and pushed him out "into the frosty night air." Short went upstairs for his gun in case Singleton decided to return. While Short was gone, an actor named William F. Hoey (1854–1897) walked into the hotel lobby. The actor, coincidentally, closely resembled the lawyer Short had just kicked out. Short saw Hoey, and believing him to be Singleton, charged at him with his pistol. A hotel clerk named Ed Kennedy jumped between the two men and deescalated the situation. When Short realized his mistake, he apologized to the actor and treated him to drinks and a late supper.^[59][60]

On March 1, 1892, a decision was reached in the State v Luke Short. Short was found guilty of aggravated assault against Charles Wright, and a fine of $150 was assessed against him.^[61]

By the start of 1893, Short's health had begun to deteriorate. Doctors determined that he was suffering from one of the kidney diseases that then went under the now-obsolete classification of Bright's disease. These diseases are described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. Edema, then called "dropsy", would have contributed to a slight puffiness in his face, as well as the accumulation of fluids in his lower legs that would have made standing difficult for prolonged periods of time for Short. Short was in Fort Worth when a Kansas newspaper reported that he was "lying at death's door."^[62] Short and a number of friends, and with Hattie beside him, took the north-bound Santa Fe train for Geuda Springs, Kansas. It was believed a change of climate and the supposedly medicinal qualities of the waters, would "prolong his life."^[63] The move did not have the desired effect.

Short died at the Gilbert House in Geuda Springs on September 8, 1893. The local paper reported: "Luke Short died at the Gilbert this morning of dropsy."^[64] Just two days before Short's death, while Hattie sat at his bedside in Kansas, word arrived that her mother had died in Fort Worth. A Dodge City newspaper belatedly printed a dispatch from Fort Worth that stated, "two days ago, his mother-in-law died and the two funerals will take place here at the same time."^[65] Hattie found herself a widow at 29 years old. Short was 39 at the time of his death.

Short's funeral took place in Fort Worth on September 10, 1893. Carriages in a line more than a mile long followed Short's body to Oakwood Cemetery in Fort Worth. Short had purchased a gravestone shortly before his death. It is a plain, upright marker simply inscribed: L. L. SHORT 1854 – 1893.

On February 22, 1955, Short was played by actor Wally Cassell in an episode of the syndicated Western TV series Stories of the Century.^[66] The part of Jim Courtright was portrayed by actor Robert Knapp (1924–2001).

On January 5, 1960, Bob Steele played Short in the episode "The Terrified Town" on the CBS Western television series The Texan, starring Rory Calhoun.^[67]

• Cox, William R. Luke Short and His Era: A Biography of One of the Old West's Most Famous Gamblers, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1961.
• DeMattos, Jack. "Gunfighters of the Real West: Luke Short," Real West, December 1982.
• DeMattos, Jack. "The Dodge City Peace Commission Revealed," Wild West History Association Journal, (Vol. VI, No. 2), April 2013.
• DeMattos, Jack and Parsons, Chuck. The Notorious Luke Short: Sporting Man of the Wild West, Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2015 ISBN 978-1-57441 594-0
• Masterson, W.B. (Bat). "Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier: Luke Short," Human Life Magazine (Vol. 5, No. 1), April 1907.
• Masterson, W.B. (Bat) The 75th Anniversary Edition of Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier (Annotated and Illustrated by Jack DeMattos), Monroe, WA: Weatherford Press, 1982 ISBN 0-9604078-1-2
• Miller, Nyle H., and Snell, Joseph W. Why the West Was Wild. Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1963.
• Ryall, William. "The Luck of Luke," True Western Adventures, April 1961.
• Short, Wayne. Luke Short: A Biography of one of the Old West's Most Colorful Gamblers and Gunfighters, Tombstone, AZ: Devil's Thumb Press, 1997. ISBN 0-9644980-7-3
• Walker, Wayne T. "Killer in Fancy Pants," True West, October 1956.