Leon of Modena

Leon de Modena (Hebrew: יְהוּדָה אַרְיֵה מִמּוֹדִינָא, romanized: Yəhud̲ā Aryē miModenā, 1571–1648) was a Jewish scholar born in Venice to a family whose ancestors migrated to Italy after an expulsion of Jews from France.

He was an intelligent child and a respected rabbi in Venice. However, his reputation within traditional Judaism suffered for several reasons, including an unyielding criticism of emerging sects within Judaism, an addiction to gambling, and a lack of stable character. As Heinrich Graetz points out, this last factor prevented his gifts from maturing: "He pursued all sorts of occupations to support himself, viz. those of preacher, teacher of Jews and Christians, reader of prayers, interpreter, writer, proof-reader, bookseller, broker, merchant, rabbi, musician, matchmaker and manufacturer of amulets."^[1] One of his students was Azaria Piccio,^[2] with whom he would later be intellectually close.^[3]

Leon of Modena earned a place in Jewish history in part by his criticism of the mystical^{[citation needed]} approach to Judaism. One of his most effective works was his attack on Kabbalah, the Ari Nohem, first published in 1840. In it, he attempted to demonstrate that the "Bible of the Kabbalists" (the Zohar) was a modern composition.^[1] He also writes that the name "Ḥokhmat HaQabbalah" (the wisdom of Kabbalah) is misleading since it is neither "wisdom" nor a Kabbalah (a tradition going back to Moses) but a mere fabrication. He became best known, however, as the interpreter of Judaism to the Christian world.^[1] He is also the author of anti-Catholic apologia.^[4]

He wrote an autobiography entitled "Ḥayye Yehuda" "Life of Judah".^[5] In this highly candid and sometimes emotional work, he admitted to being a compulsive gambler. He also mourned his children (two of whom died in his lifetime - one from natural causes and one killed by gangsters). Another son was a ne'er-do-well who traveled to the Empire of Brazil and returned to Venice only after his father's death.

At the behest of an English nobleman, Leon prepared an account of Jewish customs and rituals, Historia de gli riti Hebraici (1637). This book was the first Jewish text addressed to non-Jewish readers since the days of Josephus and Philo. It was widely read by Christians, rendered into various languages, and in 1650 was translated into English by Edmund Chilmead. At the time, the issue of whether Jews should be permitted to resettle in Britain was coming to the fore, and Leon of Modena's book did much to stimulate popular interest.^[1] He died in Venice in 1648.^[6]

Among his deepest interests was music. He served as cantor at the synagogue in Venice for more than forty years. Earlier, he is believed to have introduced some polyphony in the synagogue at Ferrara, and wrote two essays on music justifying polyphonic practice in services and celebrations.^[7] Modena was certainly a musician and a friend of Salamone Rossi; it is not clear whether he was also a composer.^[8]

He called for religious reform in the Beit Yehuda and other works. According to some 19th-century scholars, he attacked traditional Judaism in a pseudonymous work entitled Qol Sakal; however, this book was not his.^[9]

Magen VaHerev (מגן וחרב "Shield and Sword") is a polemic attack upon Christian dogmas. In Magen VaHerev, Leon Modena takes Christians to task for their interpretations of Hebrew scriptures and refutes the claims of Jesus.^[10]

His written works include:

• She'elot uTeshuvot Ziqnei Yehudah (Collected Responsa, Mossad HaRav Kook ed. Shelomo Simonson, 1956 [1])
• Beit Lechem Yehudah (Anthology of statements of Hazal organized by topic, Venice, 1625 [2] and Prague, 1705 [3]
• Diwan (Collected Poems, JTS Publications, ed. Shimon Bernstein, 1932 [4]
• Ari Nohem [5] (See above)
• Kitvei Y. A. Modena (Letters and musings, ed. Yehuda Blau, Budapest, 1906)
• Magen VeTzinah (Responsa, ed. A. Geiger, Breslau, 1857)
• Tzemach Tzadiq [6] (A Righteous Sprout: An ethical treatise inspired by Fiore di virtù) Translated into English by Ralph Anzarouth [7]
• Lev HaAryeh (Monograph on Memory improvement and Mnemonics, in which he greatly extols the use of the method of loci [8])
• Sur MeRa (A philosophical dialogue on gambling, written at the age of 13, Amsterdam 1692 [9], Vilna 1896 [10]
• Historia de' riti hebraici (See above, translated into Hebrew by Shelomo Rabin, Vienna, 1867 [11])
• Pi HaAryeh (Italian-Hebrew dictionary of all difficult words in the Hebrew Bible), Venice 1640 [12]
• HaBoneh, commentary on Ein Yaakov; pub. Venice 1635, and reprinted with Ein Yaakov itself since 1684.
• Chaye Yehudah [13] (See above)

Leon of Modena is the basis of the character Judah Aryeh in the novel People of the Book by Geraldine Brooks.

Leon of Modena is depicted in a children’s book called The Painter and the Rabbi, it depicts an alleged relationship Leon had with the noted painter Tintoretto. The book is based on stories told by docents at Jewish Museum of Venice, although there is no proof of said relationship, there is certainly mythology about it. Published by Kalaniot Books, 2021, written by Shoshana Weiss and illustrated by Jennifer Kirkham.

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Abrahams, Israel (1911). "Leon of Modena". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 443.

• H. Graetz, History of the Jews (Eng. trans.), vol. v. ch. iii
• Jewish Encyclopedia, viii. 6
• Geiger, Leon de Modena
• The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah. Trans. and ed. Mark R. Cohen. Princeton, 1988.
• Yaacob Dweck, The Scandal of Kabbalah: Leon Modena, Jewish Mysticism, Early Modern Venice. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2011.
• Tohar Vered. "The Hebrew moral book 'Zemach Zadick': Between two worlds", in: Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception, Houtman Alberdina, Kadari Tamar, Poorthius Marcel and Tohar Vered (eds.). Leiden: Brill 2016, pp. 353–375.

• Media related to Leone Modena at Wikimedia Commons
• Works by Leon of Modena at Post-Reformation Digital Library
• Yoli Zorattini, Pier Cesare (2011). "MODENA, Leon". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 75: Miranda–Montano (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.