Ultranationalism (Japan)

State ultranationalism^[1] or simply ultranationalism (超國家主義 or 超国家主義, Chōkokkashugi; lit. "ultra-statism"),^[2] refers mainly to the radical statist movement of the Shōwa period, but it can also refer to extreme Japanese nationalism before and after the Shōwa period.

State ultranationalists use the authority of the state/nation (国家) through Tennō as the focus of public loyalty.^[1] Other Ikki Kita's "state socialism" or "national socialism" (国家社会主義) is a representative idea referred to as 超国家主義 in Japan.

Japanese liberal scholars, including Masao Maruyama, saw Japanese state ultranationalism as fascism and referred to it as "Emperor-system fascism" (天皇制ファシズム, Tennōsei fashizumu),^[3]^[4] but Western scholars such as Roger Griffin and Robert Paxton believe it is not fascism.

Ultranationalist organizations and political parties

Post-war

Greater Japan Patriotic Party (1951–present)
Tatenokai (1968–1970)
National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party (1982–present)
Nippon Kaigi (1997–present)^[5]
Zaitokukai (2007–present)
Japan First Party (2016–present)^[6]
Conservative Party of Japan (2023–present)^[7]

The Liberal Democratic Party (1955–present), Japanese largest right-wing party, has an ultranationalist faction.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Pre-war

Black Dragon Society (founded in 1901)
Kokumin Dōmei (1932–1940)
Tōhōkai (1936–1945)
Imperial Rule Assistance Association (1940–1945)

Ultranationalist figures

Events

External links

(in Japanese) Statism (国家主義)
(in Japanese) Emperor-system fascism (天皇制ファシズム)
(in Japanese) Ultranationalism (超国家主義)

References

^ ^a ^b Thomas R.H. Havens (March 8, 2015). Farm and Nation in Modern Japan: Agrarian Nationalism, 1870-1940. Princeton University Press. p. 319.
^ "超国家主義（読み）チョウコッカシュギ（英語表記）ultranationalism". kotobank.jp (in Japanese).
^ Kasza, Gregory (2006). Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (eds.). World Fascism: A-K. ABC-CLIO. p. 353. ISBN 9781576079409.
^ Tansman, Alan (2009). The Culture of Japanese Fascism. Duke University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780822390701.
^ Mark, Craig (6 September 2021). "Who will replace Yoshihide Suga as Japan's prime minister? Here's a rundown of the candidates". The Conversation. Retrieved 12 August 2022. She is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, which aims to restore the emperor to divine status, keep women at home, prioritise public order over civil liberties and rebuild Japan's armed forces.
^ Patrick Heinrich, Yumiko Ohara, ed. (2019). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics. Routledge. ISBN 9781351818391. Makoto Sakurai of the ultranationalist Japan First Party has been involved in numerous anti-Korean demonstrations, and he also ran for the Tokyo mayor election in 2016.
^ "Defeated in the polls, Ishiba seeks path to minority government". AsiaNews. 2024-10-28. Retrieved 2024-11-08. for the first time the Conservative Party of Japan, an ultranationalist force that is openly xenophobic and prone to revisionist rhetoric on the country's history, will enter the Japanese parliament with three seats.
^ "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". eurasia review. 16 July 2019. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
^ Lunning, Frenchy, ed. (2013). Mechademia 4: War/Time. U of Minnesota Press. p. 291. ISBN 9781452942650. The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ...
^ "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 June 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
^ Maki Kimura, ed. (2016). Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices. Springer. ISBN 9781137392510. ... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
^ Masanori Nakamura, ed. (2016). The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1992. ISBN 9781563241093. On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ...
^ "Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat". Al Jazeera. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. But many in South Korea did not consider Japan's remorse as sufficiently sincere, especially as the ultranationalist former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was assassinated last year, and his allies sought to whitewash Japan's colonial abuses, even suggesting there was no evidence to indicate Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery.
^ Kenneth Szymkowiak, ed. (2015). A History of Modern Manga. Taylor & Francis. p. 183. This was due to the negative reaction of government and political leaders to the move by the ultranationalist Yoshio Kodama to unite far right-wing political groups with mainstream gangster organizations under a single political entity in support of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
^ Kowner, Rotem. "Hideaki Kase, the Ultranationalist Figure Who wanted to Make Japan Great Again", Haaretz, 25 Nov. 2022.
^ Insight Editions, ed. (2023). A History of Modern Manga. Insight Editions. p. 28. Kishi was an ultranationalist determined to undermine the democratic and westernized aspects of the 1946 constitution
^ Michael Harris, ed. (2017). A History of Modern Manga. Princeton University Press. p. 143. Japanese novelist and ultranationalist Yukio Mishima
^ "Ōkawa Shūmei". Britannica. Retrieved 18 September 2024. Ōkawa Shūmei (born Dec. 6, 1886, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan—died Dec. 24, 1957, Tokyo) was an ultranationalistic Japanese political theorist whose writings inspired many of the right-wing extremist groups that dominated Japanese politics during the 1930s.
^ Roland Robertson; Kathleen E. White, eds. (2003). Globalization: Culture and identity. Routledge. p. 254. ... Sasakawa Foundation , which is headed by Ryoichi Sasakawa , a prewar ultranationalist and a Class - A war criminal who has made most of his money building one of the world's largest gambling empires.

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[thomas_r.h._havens-1] Thomas R.H. Havens (March 8, 2015). Farm and Nation in Modern Japan: Agrarian Nationalism, 1870-1940. Princeton University Press. p. 319.

[2] "超国家主義（読み）チョウコッカシュギ（英語表記）ultranationalism". kotobank.jp (in Japanese).

[3] Kasza, Gregory (2006). Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (eds.). World Fascism: A-K. ABC-CLIO. p. 353. ISBN 9781576079409.

[Tansman-4] Tansman, Alan (2009). The Culture of Japanese Fascism. Duke University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780822390701.

[5] Mark, Craig (6 September 2021). "Who will replace Yoshihide Suga as Japan's prime minister? Here's a rundown of the candidates". The Conversation. Retrieved 12 August 2022. She is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, which aims to restore the emperor to divine status, keep women at home, prioritise public order over civil liberties and rebuild Japan's armed forces.

[6] Patrick Heinrich, Yumiko Ohara, ed. (2019). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics. Routledge. ISBN 9781351818391. Makoto Sakurai of the ultranationalist Japan First Party has been involved in numerous anti-Korean demonstrations, and he also ran for the Tokyo mayor election in 2016.

[AsiaNews-7] "Defeated in the polls, Ishiba seeks path to minority government". AsiaNews. 2024-10-28. Retrieved 2024-11-08. for the first time the Conservative Party of Japan, an ultranationalist force that is openly xenophobic and prone to revisionist rhetoric on the country's history, will enter the Japanese parliament with three seats.

[8] "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". eurasia review. 16 July 2019. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.

[9] Lunning, Frenchy, ed. (2013). Mechademia 4: War/Time. U of Minnesota Press. p. 291. ISBN 9781452942650. The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ...

[10] "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 June 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.

[11] Maki Kimura, ed. (2016). Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices. Springer. ISBN 9781137392510. ... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).

[12] Masanori Nakamura, ed. (2016). The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1992. ISBN 9781563241093. On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ...

[13] "Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat". Al Jazeera. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. But many in South Korea did not consider Japan's remorse as sufficiently sincere, especially as the ultranationalist former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was assassinated last year, and his allies sought to whitewash Japan's colonial abuses, even suggesting there was no evidence to indicate Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery.

[14] Kenneth Szymkowiak, ed. (2015). A History of Modern Manga. Taylor & Francis. p. 183. This was due to the negative reaction of government and political leaders to the move by the ultranationalist Yoshio Kodama to unite far right-wing political groups with mainstream gangster organizations under a single political entity in support of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).

[15] Kowner, Rotem. "Hideaki Kase, the Ultranationalist Figure Who wanted to Make Japan Great Again", Haaretz, 25 Nov. 2022.

[16] Insight Editions, ed. (2023). A History of Modern Manga. Insight Editions. p. 28. Kishi was an ultranationalist determined to undermine the democratic and westernized aspects of the 1946 constitution

[17] Michael Harris, ed. (2017). A History of Modern Manga. Princeton University Press. p. 143. Japanese novelist and ultranationalist Yukio Mishima

[18] "Ōkawa Shūmei". Britannica. Retrieved 18 September 2024. Ōkawa Shūmei (born Dec. 6, 1886, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan—died Dec. 24, 1957, Tokyo) was an ultranationalistic Japanese political theorist whose writings inspired many of the right-wing extremist groups that dominated Japanese politics during the 1930s.

[19] Roland Robertson; Kathleen E. White, eds. (2003). Globalization: Culture and identity. Routledge. p. 254. ... Sasakawa Foundation , which is headed by Ryoichi Sasakawa , a prewar ultranationalist and a Class - A war criminal who has made most of his money building one of the world's largest gambling empires.

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