Kurdish emirates
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The Kurdish emirates, Kurdish chiefdoms or Kurdish principalities (Sorani Kurdish: میرنشینە کوردیەکان) were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran.[1] The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.[1] The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah Safi and the Ottoman caliph Sultan Murad IV in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.[1]
The eyalet of Diyarbakir was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of Diyarbakir.[2][3]
Policy during the Ottoman-Persian Wars
[edit]The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the Ottoman-Persian wars, to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the Treaty of Erzurum in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish chiefdoms under direct control.[4]
List
[edit]Major emirates
[edit]Minor emirates
[edit]- Abagay (between Muradiye and Doğubayazıt)[9]
- Ağcakale
- Aghakis (Göllü, Tatvan District)
- Albak
- Arabgir
- Awraman
- Principality of Atak
- Bâne
- Bayezid
- Bargiri
- Belican
- Çaan Gedig
- Çeğni
- Çemişgezek
- Çermik
- Daratang
- Darna
- Dasini
- Derzini
- Diyadin
- Dulkıran
- Eruh
- Goran
- Görgil
- Principality of Gürdükan
- Hançük
- Hemkerdan
- Emirate of Hezo
- Hûdî (Didan Tribe)
- Ispayird (Sürücüler, Hizan District)
- İspir
- Janpollat
- Kârkâr (Daldere, Gevaş district)
- Kızuçan[10]
- Kurnê
- Kiğı
- Lesser Lur (Lur-i Kuchek)
- Mahidasht
- Mazgirt
- Mifariqın
- Mihrani (Mihrani Kalesi in Hazro District)
- Mücenkürd
- Principality of Müks
- Pasin
- Pertek
- Palangan
- Pünyanişi (Somay)
- Qulp
- Sağman
- Sasun
- Siirt
- Sindi
- Siyah Mansûr
- Somay
- Suveydi (Çapakçur)
- Şemdinan (Istuni, Sinoony, Mergasor District)
- Şirvan (Kufra)
- Şıtak
- Terza
- Uşni
- Zakho
- Zangana
- Zeriki (Sarıca, Şemdinli District)
- Zerza (Zerzan tribe)
- Zirqan (Zeyrek)
See also
[edit]- Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
- List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
- Ayyubids
- Shaddadids
- Islamic Emirate of Byara
- Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
- Mount Lebanon Emirate
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII) Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ..., p. 49, at Google Books By Hakan Özoğlu
- ^ "The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800)". The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Core. 2017. pp. 64–92. doi:10.1017/9781316848579.005. ISBN 9781107181236.
- ^ "The Ottoman conquest of Dyarbekir and the administrative organization of the province in the 16th and 17th centuries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ Yadirgi, Veli (2014). "2.1 Administrative division of the eyalet of Diyarbekir, 1527-1792". The political economy of the kurdish question in turkey: de-development in eastern and southeastern anatolia (PhD in Development studies thesis). School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- ^ Genç, Vural (April 11, 2019). "Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers". Der Islam. 96 (1): 78–111. doi:10.1515/islam-2019-0003. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
- ^ Özcoşar, İbrahim (September 21, 2020). "KÜRTLER". İslâm Ansiklopedi. Türkiye Diyanet Foundation. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- ^ Çiftçi, Erdal (November 6, 2017). "Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier". Middle Eastern Studies. 53. doi:10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ^ Dankoff, Robert (June 1, 1990). Evliya Çelebi in Bitlis. Brill. p. 12. ISBN 9004092420.
- ^ Alanoğlu, Murat (December 2016). "1642 Tari̇hli̇ avâriz defteri̇ne göre kızuçan (pülümür) kazâsı". Journal of History School. 28: 109–140. doi:10.14225/Joh999. Retrieved December 16, 2024.