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Debian version history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A screenshot of Debian 10 (Buster) with the GNOME desktop environment version 3

Debian releases do not follow a fixed schedule. Recent releases have been made around every two years by the Debian Project. The most recent version of Debian is Debian version 12, codename "Bookworm".[1] The next up and coming release of Debian is Debian 13, codename "Trixie".[2]

Debian always has at least three active branches at any time: "stable", "testing" and "unstable".[3] The stable branch is considered the primary release and what most people refer to when talking about Debian. The testing branch contains packages that have been imported from unstable. Testing has significantly more up-to-date packages than stable and is frozen some time before a release to become the next version of Debian. The unstable release (also known as Sid) is the branch where active development takes place. It is the most volatile version of Debian.

When the Debian stable branch is replaced with a newer release, the current stable becomes an "oldstable" release. When the Debian stable branch is replaced again, the oldstable release becomes the "oldoldstable" release. Oldoldstable is eventually moved to the archived releases repository.[4]

Naming convention

[edit]

Debian distribution codenames are based on the names of characters from the Toy Story films. Debian's unstable trunk is named after Sid, a character who regularly destroyed his toys.[5]

Release cycle

[edit]

Debian Unstable, known as "Sid", contains all the latest packages as soon as they are available, and follows a rolling-release model.[6]

Once a package has been in Debian Unstable for 2-10 days (depending on the urgency of the upload), doesn't introduce critical bugs and doesn't break other packages (among other conditions), it is included in Debian Testing, also known as "next-stable".[7]

On average about every two years, Debian Testing enters a "freeze" cycle, where new packages are held back unless they fix critical bugs.[8][9] This frozen state lasts on average 7 months (but can be as short as one month).[8] Once Debian Testing doesn't contain any more release critical bugs, it is declared "stable" and released with a version number.[9]

Release table

[edit]
Ver. Code­name Release date Final/latest release (date) No. of Archs.[i] Package count Linux
kernel 		End of support References
Binary Source Security Long-term Freexian ELTS[ii]
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.90 Old version, no longer maintained: ​ 26 January 1994 1 ? ? ? — None None [12][13]
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.91 Old version, no longer maintained: ​ 29 January 1994 ? ? 0.99.14t — [12]
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.93R5 Old version, no longer maintained: ​ March 1995 ? ? ? — [12]
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.93R6 Old version, no longer maintained: ​ 9 November 1995 256 ? 1.2.13 — [12][14][15]
1.0 ​ Never released — — — — — [12][16]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 Old version, no longer maintained: Buzz 17 June 1996 474 ? 2.0 — [12][17]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2 Old version, no longer maintained: Rex 12 December 1996 848 ? 2.0.27 — [12][18]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.3 Old version, no longer maintained: Bo 5 June 1997 974 ? 2.0.33 — [12][19]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 Old version, no longer maintained: Hamm 24 July 1998 2 ≈1,500 ? 2.0.34 — [12][20]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.1 Old version, no longer maintained: Slink 9 March 1999 4 ≈2,250 ? 2.0.34, 2.0.35,
2.0.36, 2.0.38 		30 October 2000 [12][21][22]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 Old version, no longer maintained: Potato 14–15 August 2000 6 ≈3,900 ≈2,600 2.0.38, 2.2.19 30 June 2003 [12][23][24]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 Old version, no longer maintained: Woody 19 July 2002 11 ≈8,500 ? 2.2.20, 2.4.18 30 June 2006 [12][25][26][27]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.1 Old version, no longer maintained: Sarge 6 June 2005 ≈15,400 ? 2.4.27, 2.6.8 31 March 2008 [12][28][29]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 Old version, no longer maintained: Etch 8 April 2007 4.0r9
(22 May 2010) 		≈18,000 ? 2.6.18, 2.6.24 15 February 2010 [12][30][31]
Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 Old version, no longer maintained: Lenny 14 February 2009 5.0.10
(10 Mar 2012) 		12 ≈23,000 ≈12,000 2.6.26 6 February 2012 [12][32][33]
Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0 Old version, no longer maintained: Squeeze 6 February 2011 6.0.10
(19 Jul 2014) 		11 ≈29,000 ≈15,000 2.6.32 31 May 2014 29 February 2016 [12][34][35][36][37]
Old version, no longer maintained: 7 Old version, no longer maintained: Wheezy 4 May 2013 7.11
(4 Jun 2016) 		13 ≈36,000 ≈17,500 3.2 25 April 2016 31 May 2018 30 June 2020 [12][38][39][40][36][10][41]
Old version, no longer maintained: 8 Old version, no longer maintained: Jessie 25–26 April 2015 8.11
(23 Jun 2018) 		10 ≈43,000 ≈20,000 3.16 17 June 2018 30 June 2020 30 June 2025 [12][42][43][36][44][10]
Old version, no longer maintained: 9 Old version, no longer maintained: Stretch 17 June 2017 9.13
(18 Jul 2020) 		≈51,000 ≈25,000 4.9 18 July 2020 30 June 2022 30 June 2027 [12][45][46][47][36][10]
Old version, no longer maintained: 10 Old version, no longer maintained: Buster 6 July 2019 10.13
(10 Sep 2022) 		≈59,000 ≈29,000 4.19 10 September 2022 30 June 2024 30 June 2029 [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]
Old version, yet still maintained: 11 Old version, yet still maintained: Bullseye 14 August 2021 11.11
(31 Aug 2024) 		9 59,551 31,387 5.10 15 August 2024 31 August 2026 30 June 2031 [1][57][58][59][60][61][50][62][63][64][65][66][67]
Current stable version: 12 Current stable version: Bookworm 10 June 2023 12.8
(9 Nov 2024) 		64,419 34,780 6.1 June 2026 June 2028 30 June 2033 [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]
Future release: 13 Future release: Trixie TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA — [79][80][81][82]
Future release: 14 Future release: Forky TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA — [83]
unstable Sid Rolling release 22[iii] >67,000[iv] >32,000[iv] 6.12.6 — — — [50][80][84][85]
experimental RC-Buggy Rolling release ? 13 ?[v] >9800[vi] ~4500[vi] 6.12 — — — [50][80][86][87][88][89]
Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Old version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release
  1. ^ The number of hardware architectures supported
  2. ^ Extended long-term support (ELTS) provided by Freexian[10] but made available to all Debian users, as noted on official Debian pages. There is no kernel support, and only sponsored packages are supported.[11]
  3. ^ Only 9 are candidates for stable releases.
  4. ^ a b As of 07/05/2022
  5. ^ As of 28/09/2024
  6. ^ a b As of 28/09/2024

When a release transitions to long-term support phase (LTS-phase), security is no longer handled by the main Debian security team.[90] Only a subset of Debian architectures are eligible for Long Term Support, and there is no support for packages in backports.[91]

Release history

[edit]

Debian 1.0 was never released, as a vendor accidentally shipped a development release with that version number.[92] The package management system dpkg and its front-end dselect were developed and implemented on Debian in a previous release. A transition from the a.out binary format to the ELF binary format had already begun before the planned 1.0 release. The only supported architecture was Intel 80386 (i386).[12]

Debian 1.1 (Buzz)

[edit]

Debian 1.1 (Buzz), released 17 June 1996, contained 474 packages. Debian had fully transitioned to the ELF binary format and used Linux kernel 2.0.[93]

Debian 1.2 (Rex)

[edit]

Debian 1.2 (Rex), released 12 December 1996, contained 848 packages maintained by 120 developers.[94]

Debian 1.3 (Bo)

[edit]
Debian 1.3 (Bo) running twm

Debian 1.3 (Bo), released 5 June 1997, contained 974 packages maintained by 200 developers.[95]

Point releases:

Debian 2.0 (Hamm)

[edit]
Debian 2.0 (Hamm) running IceWM

Debian 2.0 (Hamm), released 24 July 1998, contained over 1,500 packages maintained by over 400 developers. A transition was made to libc6 and Debian was ported to the Motorola 68000 series (m68k) architectures.[98]

Point releases:

  • 2.0r1 (24 July 1998; 26 years ago (1998-07-24))[99]
  • 2.0r2 (29 August 1998; 26 years ago (1998-08-29))[citation needed]
  • 2.0r3 (21 September 1998; 26 years ago (1998-09-21))[citation needed]
  • 2.0r4 (7 December 1998; 26 years ago (1998-12-07))[citation needed]
  • 2.0r5 (15 March 1999; 25 years ago (1999-03-15))[citation needed]

Debian 2.1 (Slink)

[edit]
Debian 2.1 (Slink) running a very early version of GNOME

Debian 2.1 (Slink), released 9 March 1999,[100] contained about 2,250 packages. The front-end APT was introduced for the package management system and Debian was ported to Alpha and SPARC.[101][21]

Point releases:

  • 2.1r1 (Possibly never released)[102]
  • 2.1r2 (27 June 1999; 25 years ago (1999-06-27))[103]
  • 2.1r3 (4 September 1999; 25 years ago (1999-09-04))[104]
  • 2.1r4 (15 December 1999; 25 years ago (1999-12-15))[105]
  • 2.1r5 (16 February 2000; 24 years ago (2000-02-16))[106]

Debian 2.2 (Potato)

[edit]
Debian 2.2 (Potato)

Debian 2.2 (Potato), released 14–15 August 2000, contained 2,600 packages maintained by more than 450 developers. New packages included the display manager GDM, the directory service OpenLDAP, the security software OpenSSH and the mail transfer agent Postfix. Debian was ported to the PowerPC and ARM architectures.[107][23][24]

Point releases:

  • 2.2r1 (14 November 2000; 24 years ago (2000-11-14))[108]
  • 2.2r2 (5 December 2000; 24 years ago (2000-12-05))[109]
  • 2.2r3 (17 April 2001; 23 years ago (2001-04-17))[110]
  • 2.2r4 (5 November 2001; 23 years ago (2001-11-05))[111]
  • 2.2r5 (10 January 2002; 22 years ago (2002-01-10))[112]
  • 2.2r6 (3 April 2002; 22 years ago (2002-04-03))[113]
  • 2.2r7 (13 July 2002; 22 years ago (2002-07-13))[114]

Debian 3.0 (Woody)

[edit]
Debian 3.0 (Woody) running GNOME 1.4

Debian 3.0 (Woody), released 19 July 2002, contained around 8,500 packages maintained by more than 900 developers. KDE was introduced and Debian was ported to the following architectures: IA-64, PA-RISC (hppa), mips and mipsel and IBM ESA/390 (s390).[115][25][26]

Point releases:

  • 3.0r1 (16 December 2002; 22 years ago (2002-12-16))[116]
  • 3.0r2 (21 November 2003; 21 years ago (2003-11-21))[117]
  • 3.0r3 (26 October 2004; 20 years ago (2004-10-26))[118]
  • 3.0r4 (1 January 2005; 19 years ago (2005-01-01))[119]
  • 3.0r5 (16 April 2005; 19 years ago (2005-04-16))[120]
  • 3.0r6 (2 June 2005; 19 years ago (2005-06-02))[121]

Debian 3.1 (Sarge)

[edit]
Debian 3.1 (Sarge)

Debian 3.1 (Sarge), released 6 June 2005, contained around 15,400 packages. debian-installer and OpenOffice.org were introduced.[122][28] Point releases:

  • 3.1r1 (20 December 2005; 19 years ago (2005-12-20))[123][124]
  • 3.1r2 (19 April 2006; 18 years ago (2006-04-19))[125][126]
  • 3.1r3 (1 September 2006; 18 years ago (2006-09-01))[127][128]
  • 3.1r4 (6 November 2006; 18 years ago (2006-11-06))[129][130]
  • 3.1r5 (18 February 2007; 17 years ago (2007-02-18))[131][132]
  • 3.1r6 (7 April 2007; 17 years ago (2007-04-07))[133][134]
  • 3.1r7 (28 December 2007; 16 years ago (2007-12-28))[135][136]
  • 3.1r8 (13 April 2008; 16 years ago (2008-04-13)) this is the final update for codename Sarge.[137][138]

Debian 4.0 (Etch)

[edit]
Debian 4.0 (Etch)

Debian 4.0 (Etch), released 8 April 2007, contained around 18,000 packages maintained by more than 1,030 developers. Debian was ported to x86-64 (amd64) and support for the Motorola 68000 series (m68k) architecture was dropped.[139][30] This version introduced utf-8 and udev device management by default.

Point releases:

  • 4.0r1 (17 August 2007; 17 years ago (2007-08-17))[140][141]
  • 4.0r2 (27 December 2007; 16 years ago (2007-12-27))[142][143]
  • 4.0r3 (17 February 2008; 16 years ago (2008-02-17))[144][145]
  • 4.0r4 (26 July 2008; 16 years ago (2008-07-26))[146][147]
  • 4.0r5 (23 October 2008; 16 years ago (2008-10-23))[148][149]
  • 4.0r6 (18 December 2008; 16 years ago (2008-12-18))[150][151]
  • 4.0r7 (10 February 2009; 15 years ago (2009-02-10))[152][153]
  • 4.0r8 (8 April 2009; 15 years ago (2009-04-08))[154][155]
  • 4.0r9 (22 May 2010; 14 years ago (2010-05-22)) this is the final update for codename Etch[156][157]

Debian 5.0 (Lenny)

[edit]
Debian 5.0 (Lenny)

Debian 5.0 (Lenny), released 14 February 2009, contained more than 23,000 packages. Debian was ported to the ARM EABI (armel) architecture.[158][32][33]

Point releases:

  • 5.0.1 (11 April 2009; 15 years ago (2009-04-11))[159][160]
  • 5.0.2 (27 June 2009; 15 years ago (2009-06-27))[161][162]
  • 5.0.3 (5 September 2009; 15 years ago (2009-09-05))[163][164]
  • 5.0.4 (30 January 2010; 14 years ago (2010-01-30))[165][166]
  • 5.0.5 (26 July 2010; 14 years ago (2010-07-26))[167][168]
  • 5.0.6 (4 September 2010; 14 years ago (2010-09-04))[169][170]
  • 5.0.7 (27 November 2010; 14 years ago (2010-11-27))[171]
  • 5.0.8 (22 January 2011; 13 years ago (2011-01-22))[172]
  • 5.0.9 (22 January 2011; 13 years ago (2011-01-22))[173]
  • 5.0.10 (10 March 2012; 12 years ago (2012-03-10)) this is the final update for codename Lenny.[174]

Debian 6.0 (Squeeze)

[edit]
Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) in Spanish

Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), released 6 February 2011, contained more than 29,000 packages. The default Linux kernel included was deblobbed beginning with this release. The web browser Chromium was introduced and Debian was ported to the kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64 architectures (while that port was later discontinued), and support for the Intel 486, Alpha, and PA-RISC (hppa) architectures was dropped.[175][176][34][35]

Squeeze was the first release of Debian in which non-free firmware components (aka "binary blobs") were excluded from the "main" repository as a matter of policy.[177][178][179][180]

Point releases:

  • 6.0.1 (19 March 2011; 13 years ago (2011-03-19))[181]
  • 6.0.2 (25 June 2011; 13 years ago (2011-06-25))[182]
  • 6.0.3 (8 October 2011; 13 years ago (2011-10-08))[183]
  • 6.0.4 (28 January 2012; 12 years ago (2012-01-28))[184]
  • 6.0.5 (12 May 2012; 12 years ago (2012-05-12))[185]
  • 6.0.6 (29 September 2012; 12 years ago (2012-09-29))[186]
  • 6.0.7 (23 February 2013; 11 years ago (2013-02-23))[187]
  • 6.0.8 (20 October 2013; 11 years ago (2013-10-20))[188]
  • 6.0.9 (15 February 2014; 10 years ago (2014-02-15))[189]
  • 6.0.10 (19 June 2014; 10 years ago (2014-06-19)) this is the final update for codename Squeeze.[190]
  • Squeeze long term support reaches end-of-life (29 February 2016; 8 years ago (2016-02-29))[191]

Debian 7 (Wheezy)

[edit]
MATE on Debian 7 (Wheezy)

Debian 7 (Wheezy), released 4 May 2013, contained more than 36,000 packages. Support for UEFI was added and Debian was ported to the armhf and IBM z/Architecture (s390x) architectures.[192][38][39][193]

Point releases:

  • 7.1 (15 June 2013; 11 years ago (2013-06-15))[194]
  • 7.2 (12 October 2013; 11 years ago (2013-10-12))[195]
  • 7.3 (14 December 2013; 11 years ago (2013-12-14))[196]
  • 7.4 (8 February 2014; 10 years ago (2014-02-08))[197]
  • 7.5 (26 April 2014; 10 years ago (2014-04-26))[198]
  • 7.6 (12 July 2014; 10 years ago (2014-07-12))[199]
  • 7.7 (18 October 2014; 10 years ago (2014-10-18))[200]
  • 7.8 (10 January 2015; 9 years ago (2015-01-10))[201]
  • Debian 8.0 codename Jessie releases, Wheezy becomes oldstable (25 April 2015; 9 years ago (2015-04-25))
  • 7.9 (5 September 2015; 9 years ago (2015-09-05))[202]
  • 7.10 (2 April 2016; 8 years ago (2016-04-02))[203]
  • 7.11 (4 June 2016; 8 years ago (2016-06-04)) this is the final update for codename Wheezy.[204]
  • Debian 9.0 codename Stretch releases, Wheezy becomes oldoldstable (17 June 2017; 7 years ago (2017-06-17))
  • Wheezy long term support reached end-of-life (1 June 2018; 6 years ago (2018-06-01))[205]
  • Wheezy extended long term support reached end-of-life (30 June 2020; 4 years ago (2020-06-30)).[206]

Debian 8 (Jessie)

[edit]
Debian 8 (Jessie)

Debian 8 (Jessie), released 25 April 2015, contained more than 43,000 packages, with systemd installed by default instead of init. (sysvinit and upstart packages are provided as alternatives.) Debian was ported to the ARM64 and ppc64le architectures, while support for the IA-64, kfreebsd-amd64 and kfreebsd-i386, IBM ESA/390 (s390) (only the 31-bit variant; the newer 64-bit s390x was retained) and SPARC architectures were dropped.[207][208][43]

Long term support ended June 2020.[209]

Point releases:

  • 8.1 (6 June 2015; 9 years ago (2015-06-06))[210]
  • 8.2 (5 September 2015; 9 years ago (2015-09-05))[211]
  • 8.3 (23 January 2016; 8 years ago (2016-01-23))[212]
  • 8.4 (2 April 2016; 8 years ago (2016-04-02))[213]
  • 8.5 (4 June 2016; 8 years ago (2016-06-04))[214]
  • 8.6 (17 September 2016; 8 years ago (2016-09-17))[215]
  • 8.7 (14 January 2017; 7 years ago (2017-01-14))[216]
  • 8.8 (6 May 2017; 7 years ago (2017-05-06))[217]
  • Debian 9.0 codename Stretch releases, Jessie becomes oldstable (17 June 2017; 7 years ago (2017-06-17))
  • 8.9 (22 July 2017; 7 years ago (2017-07-22))[218]
  • 8.10 (9 December 2017; 7 years ago (2017-12-09))[219]
  • Regular security support updates have been discontinued (17 June 2018; 6 years ago (2018-06-17))[209]
  • 8.11 (23 June 2018; 6 years ago (2018-06-23)) this is the final update for codename Jessie.[220]
  • Debian 10.0 codename Buster releases, Jessie becomes oldoldstable (6 July 2019; 5 years ago (2019-07-06))
  • Jessie long term support reaches end-of-life (30 June 2020; 4 years ago (2020-06-30))[205]
  • Jessie extended long term support reaches end-of-life (30 June 2025; 6 months' time (2025-06-30))[206]

Debian 9 (Stretch)

[edit]
Debian 9 (Stretch) with GNOME

Debian 9 (Stretch) was released on 17 June 2017, two years and two months after Debian 8.0, and contained more than 51,000 packages.[45] The final minor update, called a "point release", is version 9.13,[221] released on 18 July 2020; 4 years ago (2020-07-18). Major upgrades include the Linux kernel going from version 3.16 to 4.9, GNOME desktop version going from 3.14 to 3.22, KDE Plasma 4 was upgraded to Plasma 5, LibreOffice 4.3 upgraded to 5.2 and Qt upgraded from 4.8 to 5.7. LXQt has been added as well.

The Intel i586 (Pentium), i586/i686 hybrid and PowerPC architectures are no longer supported as of Stretch.[222][223][224]

Point releases:

  • 9.1 (22 July 2017; 7 years ago (2017-07-22))[225]
  • 9.2 (7 October 2017; 7 years ago (2017-10-07))[226]
  • 9.3 (9 December 2017; 7 years ago (2017-12-09))[227]
  • 9.4 (10 March 2018; 6 years ago (2018-03-10))[228]
  • 9.5 (14 July 2018; 6 years ago (2018-07-14))[229]
  • 9.6 (10 November 2018; 6 years ago (2018-11-10))[230]
  • 9.7 (23 January 2019; 5 years ago (2019-01-23))[231]
  • 9.8 (16 February 2019; 5 years ago (2019-02-16))[232]
  • 9.9 (27 April 2019; 5 years ago (2019-04-27))[233]
  • Stretch becomes oldstable, Buster becomes stable release (6 July 2019; 5 years ago (2019-07-06))
  • 9.10 (7 September 2019; 5 years ago (2019-09-07))[234]
  • 9.11 (8 September 2019; 5 years ago (2019-09-08))[235]
  • 9.12 (8 February 2020; 4 years ago (2020-02-08))[236]
  • 9.13 (18 July 2020; 4 years ago (2020-07-18)) this is the final update for codename Stretch.[237]
  • Stretch long term support reaches end-of-life (30 June 2022; 2 years ago (2022-06-30))[238]
  • Stretch extended long term support reaches end-of-life (30 June 2027; 2 years' time (2027-06-30))[206]

Debian 10 (Buster)

[edit]
Debian 10 (Buster) with GNOME

Debian 10 (Buster) was released on 6 July 2019; 5 years ago (2019-07-06). It was two years and a month after Debian 9 (Stretch).[48] Debian 10 contains 57,703 packages, supports UEFI Secure Boot,[239] has AppArmor enabled by default, uses LUKS2 as the default LUKS format, and uses Wayland for GNOME by default.[citation needed]

Debian 10 ships with Linux kernel version 4.19.[240] Available desktops include Cinnamon 3.8, GNOME 3.30, KDE Plasma 5.14, LXDE 0.99.2, LXQt 0.14, MATE 1.20, Xfce 4.12. Key application software includes LibreOffice 6.1 for office productivity, VLC 3.0 for media viewing, and Firefox ESR for web browsing.[241]

Point releases:

  • 10.1 (7 September 2019; 5 years ago (2019-09-07))[242][243]
  • 10.2 (16 November 2019; 5 years ago (2019-11-16))[244]
  • 10.3 (8 February 2020; 4 years ago (2020-02-08))[245]
  • 10.4 (9 May 2020; 4 years ago (2020-05-09))[246]
  • 10.5 (1 August 2020; 4 years ago (2020-08-01))[247]
  • 10.6 (26 September 2020; 4 years ago (2020-09-26))[248]
  • 10.7 (5 December 2020; 4 years ago (2020-12-05))[249]
  • 10.8 (6 February 2021; 3 years ago (2021-02-06))[250]
  • 10.9 (27 March 2021; 3 years ago (2021-03-27))[251]
  • 10.10 (19 June 2021; 3 years ago (2021-06-19))[252]
  • Buster becomes oldstable, Bullseye is the current stable release (14 August 2021; 3 years ago (2021-08-14))[1]
  • 10.11 (9 October 2021; 3 years ago (2021-10-09))[253]
  • 10.12 (26 March 2022; 2 years ago (2022-03-26))[254]
  • 10.13 (10 September 2022; 2 years ago (2022-09-10)) this is the final update for codename Buster[255]
  • Buster long term support reaches end-of-life (30 June 2024; 5 months ago (2024-06-30))[256]
  • Buster extended long term support reaches end-of-life (30 June 2029; 4 years' time (2029-06-30))[257]

Debian 11 (Bullseye)

[edit]
Debian 11 (Bullseye) with GNOME

Debian 11 (Bullseye) was released on 14 August 2021.[1] It is based on the Linux 5.10 LTS kernel and will be supported for five years.[258]

On 12 November 2020, it was announced that "Homeworld", by Juliette Taka, will be the default theme for Debian 11, after winning a public poll held with eighteen choices.[259]

Bullseye dropped the remaining Qt4/KDE 4 libraries and Python 2,[260][261] and shipped with Qt 5.15 KDE Plasma 5.20.[262] Available desktops include Gnome 3.38, KDE Plasma 5.20, LXDE 11, LXQt 0.16, MATE 1.24, and Xfce 4.16.[263][264][265]

Bullseye does not support the older big-endian 32-bit MIPS architectures.[266] This is not to be confused with the more common i386 32-bit architecture which is still supported.

The first of the code freezes, readying Debian 11 for release, began on 12 January 2021.[267]

Development freeze timetable:

  • 12 January, 2021: transition freeze[267]
  • 12 February, 2021: soft freeze[268]
  • 12 March, 2021: hard freeze[269]
  • 17 July, 2021: full freeze
  • 14 August, 2021: release

Point releases:

  • 11.1 (9 October 2021; 3 years ago (2021-10-09))[270]
  • 11.2 (18 December 2021; 3 years ago (2021-12-18))[271]
  • 11.3 (26 March 2022; 2 years ago (2022-03-26))[272]
  • 11.4 (9 July 2022; 2 years ago (2022-07-09))[273]
  • 11.5 (10 September 2022; 2 years ago (2022-09-10))[274]
  • 11.6 (17 December 2022; 2 years ago (2022-12-17))[275]
  • 11.7 (29 April 2023; 19 months ago (2023-04-29))[276]
  • Bullseye becomes oldstable, Bookworm is the current stable release (10 June 2023; 18 months ago (2023-06-10))[68]
  • 11.8 (7 October 2023; 14 months ago (2023-10-07))[277]
  • 11.9 (10 February 2024; 10 months ago (2024-02-10))[278]
  • 11.10 (29 June 2024; 5 months ago (2024-06-29))[279]
  • 11.11 (31 August 2024; 3 months ago (2024-08-31)); this is the final point release for Bullseye[280]

Debian 12 (Bookworm)

[edit]
Debian 12 (Bookworm) with GNOME

Debian 12 (Bookworm) was released on 10 June 2023.[68] It is based on Linux kernel v6.1 LTS, and uses GNOME 43 as its default desktop environment, but as usual many other desktops are available, such as KDE Plasma 5.27, LXDE 11, LXQt 1.2.0, MATE 1.26, and Xfce 4.18.[281]

Bookworm raised the compatibility level of its 32 bit x86 PC port from i586 to i686 compatibility.[282][283]

On 13 October 2022, the Release Team announced the freeze development milestone timeline for this release:[83][284]

  • 12 January 2023: transition and toolchain
  • 12 February 2023: soft freeze
  • 12 March 2023: hard freeze

Point releases:

  • 12.1 (22 July 2023; 17 months ago (2023-07-22))[285]
  • 12.2 (7 October 2023; 14 months ago (2023-10-07))[286]
  • 12.3 (Cancelled, was intended to be released 9 December 2023; 12 months ago (2023-12-09))[287]
  • 12.4 (10 December 2023; 12 months ago (2023-12-10))[288]
  • 12.5 (10 February 2024; 10 months ago (2024-02-10))[289]
  • 12.6 (29 June 2024; 5 months ago (2024-06-29) (delayed from 6 April 2024; 8 months ago (2024-04-06)))[290][291]
  • 12.7 (31 August 2024; 3 months ago (2024-08-31))[292]
  • 12.8 (9 November 2024; 47 days ago (2024-11-09))[293][294][295]
  • 12.9 (11 January 2025; 15 days' time (2025-01-11))[296][295]

Debian 13 (Trixie)

[edit]
Debian 13 (Trixie) with GNOME

With the release of Debian 12 on June 10, 2023, testing is now also known by the codename Trixie which is anticipated to be released as Debian 13 in 2025.[297] It is likely to use the v6.12 kernel, which will serve as the 2024 LTS release.

Debian 13 will add support for RISC-V, both the 64 bit version riscv64 and 32 bit version riscv32.[298][299][300][301][302]

Debian 13 will have limited support 32 bit x86 processors. Only in chroots and similar environments as there is no Linux (kernel).[303]

Debian 13 will drop support for the mipsel architecture.[304]

Key release dates:[305]

  • [TBA]: Transition and Toolchain Freeze
  • [TBA]: Soft Freeze
  • [TBA]: Hard Freeze - for key packages and packages without autopkgtests
  • [TBA]: Full Freeze
  • [TBA]: Deadline for unblock requests

Debian 14 (Forky)

[edit]

Following the release of Debian 13 (Trixie), testing will also be known by the codename Forky which is anticipated to be released as Debian 14 in 2027.[306]

Release timeline

[edit]

Port timeline

[edit]

Many of past architectures, plus some that have not yet achieved release status, are available from the debian-ports repository.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  175. ^ "A Brief History of Debian". The Debian Project. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015. Debian 6.0 Squeeze (February 2011): named for the green three-eyed aliens. The release was frozen on 6 August 2010, with many of the Debian developers gathered at the 10th Debconf at New York City. While two architectures (alpha and hppa) were dropped, two architectures of the new FreeBSD port (kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64) were made available as technology preview, including the kernel and userland tools as well as common server software (though not advanced desktop features yet). This was the first time a Linux distribution has been extended to also allow use of a non-Linux kernel.
  176. ^ "Debian aims for FSF endorsement - The H Open: News and Features". H-online.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  177. ^ "Debian -- News -- Debian 6.0 "Squeeze" to be released with completely free Linux Kernel". Debian.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  178. ^ Proffitt, Brian (12 July 2012). "Debian GNU/Linux seeks alignment with Free Software Foundation". Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  179. ^ "squeeze your non-free firmware away". Upsilon.cc. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  180. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.1 released". 19 March 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  181. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.2 released". 25 June 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  182. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.3 released". 8 October 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  183. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.4 released". 28 January 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  184. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.5 released". 12 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  185. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.6 released". 29 September 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  186. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.7 released". 23 February 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  187. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.8 released". 20 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  188. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.9 released". 15 February 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  189. ^ "Updated Debian 6: 6.0.10 released". 19 July 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  190. ^ "Debian 6.0 Long Term Support reaching end-of-life". 12 February 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  191. ^ "A Brief History of Debian". The Debian Project. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015. Debian 7.0 Wheezy (May 2013): named for the rubber toy penguin with a red bow tie. One architecture was included in this release (armhf) and this release introduced multi-arch support, which allowed users to install packages from multiple architectures on the same machine. Improvements in the installation process allowed visually impaired people to install the system using software speech for the first time. This was also the first release that supported the installation and booting in devices using UEFI firmware.
  192. ^ "UEFI". The Debian Project. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. The initial support to make UEFI amd64 systems directly installable in Debian was added in Wheezy (7.0). Support was later added for i386 and arm64 systems for Jessie (8.0), along with a number of quirks and bug workarounds. Support for armhf was added in Buster (10.0).
  193. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.1 released". 15 June 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  194. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.2 released". 12 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  195. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.3 released". 14 December 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  196. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.4 released". 8 February 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  197. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.5 released". 26 April 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  198. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.6 released". 12 July 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  199. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.7 released". 18 October 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  200. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.8 released". 10 January 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  201. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.9 released". 5 September 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  202. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.10 released". 2 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  203. ^ "Updated Debian 7: 7.11 released". 4 June 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
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  205. ^ a b c "LTS/Extended - Debian Wiki". wiki.debian.org. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  206. ^ "A Brief History of Debian". The Debian Project. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015. Debian 8 Jessie (April 2015): named for the cowgirl doll who first appeared in Toy Story 2.
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  209. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.1 released". 6 June 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  210. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.2 released". 5 September 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  211. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.3 released". 23 January 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  212. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.4 released". 2 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  213. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.5 released". 4 June 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  214. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.6 released". 17 September 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  215. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.7 released". 14 January 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  216. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.8 released". 6 May 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  217. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.9 released". 22 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  218. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.10 released". 9 December 2017. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  219. ^ "Updated Debian 8: 8.11 released". 23 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  220. ^ "ChangeLog". stretch. Debian. 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  221. ^ "Debian i386 architecture now requires a 686-class processor". Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017. Last year it was decided to increase the minimum CPU features for the i386 architecture to 686-class in the stretch release cycle. This means dropping support for 586-class and hybrid 586/686 processors[1].(Support for 486-class processors was dropped, somewhat accidentally, in squeeze.) This was implemented in the Linux kernel packages starting with Linux 4.3, which was uploaded to unstable in December last year. In case you missed that change, gcc for i386 has recently been changed to target 686-class processors and is generating code that will crash on other processors. Any such systems still running testing or unstable will need to be switched to run stable (jessie). The older processors will continue to be supported in jessie until at least 2018, and until 2020 if i386 is included in jessie LTS. The following processors, supported in jessie, are now unspported: * AMD K5, K6, K6-2, (aka K6 3D), K6-3 * DM&P/SiS Vortex86, Vortex86SX * Cyrix III, MediaGX, MediaGXm * IDT Winchip C6, Winchip 2 * Intel Pentium, Pentium with MMX * Rise mP6 * VIA C3 'Samuel 2', C3 'Ezra'
  222. ^ "Release architectures for Debian 9 'Stretch'". Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2017. The only change from Jessie is the removal of powerpc as a release architecture. We discussed this at length, and eventually took the view that the least disservice to users of that port is to provide reasonable notice of its discontinuation. We recognise and acknowledge that discontinuing any port is unavoidably disruptive. The question of whether powerpc remains an architecture in the main archive or moves to ports is one for FTP masters, not the release team.
  223. ^ "Debian Is Dropping Support for Older 32-bit Hardware Architectures in Debian 9". Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020. The change has already been implemented to the Linux kernel 4.3 packages, which have been uploaded to the Debian Unstable repositories last year. And today users are being informed to move to Debian GNU/Linux 8 "Jessie" if they're still using Debian on older computers powered by i586 or i486 processors. If i386 support is to be included in the Debian GNU/Linux 8 "Jessie" release, which should enter LTS (Long Term Support) stage from May 2018, the operating system will then support older 32-bit processors until the year 2020.
  224. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.1 released". 22 July 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  225. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.2 released". 7 October 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
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  227. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.4 released". 10 March 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  228. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.5 released". 14 July 2018. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  229. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.6 released". 10 November 2018. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  230. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.7 released". 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  231. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.8 released". 16 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  232. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.9 released". 27 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  233. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.10 released". 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  234. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.11 released". 8 September 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  235. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.12 released". 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  236. ^ "Updated Debian 9: 9.13 released". 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
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  240. ^ Staff, Ars (11 September 2019). "Debian 10: Playing catch-up with the rest of the Linux world (that's a good thing)". Ars Technica. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
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  243. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.2 released". 16 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  244. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.3 released". 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  245. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.4 released". 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  246. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.5 released". 1 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  247. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.6 released". 26 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  248. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.7 released". 5 December 2020. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  249. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.8 released". 6 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  250. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.9 released". 27 March 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  251. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.10 released". 27 March 2021. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  252. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.11 released". 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  253. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.12 released". 26 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  254. ^ "Updated Debian 10: 10.13 released". 10 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
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  257. ^ "Debian 11 'bullseye' released". 14 August 2021.
  258. ^ ""Homeworld" will be the default theme for Debian 11". 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020.
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  260. ^ "Python 2 and PyPy module removal from Debian". lists.debian.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  261. ^ "Plasma 5.20 coming to Debian | There and back again". October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  262. ^ "7 New Features in the Newly Released Debian 11 'Bullseye' Linux Distro". It's FOSS News. 15 August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  263. ^ Tung, Liam. "Linux: Stable Debian 11 'bullseye' arrives with five years of support". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
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  265. ^ "Debian Guts Support For Old MIPS CPUs - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
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  270. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.2 released". 18 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  271. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.3 released". www.debian.org. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  272. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.4 released". www.debian.org. 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  273. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.5 released". www.debian.org. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  274. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.6 released". www.debian.org. 17 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  275. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.7 released". www.debian.org. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  276. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.8 released". www.debian.org. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  277. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.9 released". www.debian.org. 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  278. ^ "Updated Debian 11: 11.10 released". www.debian.org. 29 June 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
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  280. ^ "Chapter 2. What's new in Debian 12". www.debian.org. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  281. ^ "Debian 12 "bookworm" released". 10 June 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2024. 32-bit PC (i386) no longer covers any i586 processor; the new minimum processor requirement is i686. If your machine is not compatible with this requirement, it is recommended that you stay with bullseye for the remainder of its support cycle.
  282. ^ "2.1. Supported Hardware". 8 May 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2024. However, Debian GNU/Linux bookworm will not run on 586 (Pentium) or earlier processors.
  283. ^ "bookworm Freeze Timeline and Policy". Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  284. ^ "Updated Debian 12: 12.1 released". 22 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  285. ^ "Updated Debian 12: 12.2 released". 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023.
  286. ^ "Debian 12.4 to supersede Debian 12.3". Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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  296. ^ "DebianTrixie - Debian Wiki".
  297. ^ "RISC-V Debian wiki".
  298. ^ "Phoronix: RISC-V Is Now An Official Debian Architecture".
  299. ^ "Hackaday: Debian Officially Adds RISC-V Support".
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  309. ^ "Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 updated (r6)". 2 June 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
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