Conservation officer

Bronze sculpture of *Pepe el lobero* (1909-1995), renowned head forest ranger of Saja-Besaya, Spain's most important hunting reserve

A conservation officer or First Nations Land Warden is a law enforcement officer who protects wildlife and the environment. A conservation officer may also be referred to as an Land Warden/environmental technician/technologist, game warden, park ranger, forest watcher, forest guard, forester, gamekeeper, investigator, wilderness officer, wildlife officer, or wildlife trooper.

History

Conservation officers can be traced back to the Middle Ages (see gamekeeper). Conservation law enforcement goes back to King Canute who enacted a forest law that made unauthorized hunting punishable by death.^[1] In 1861, Archdeacon Charles Thorp arranged purchase of some of the Farne Islands off the north-east coast of England and employment of a warden to protect threatened seabird species. The modern history of the office is linked to that of the conservation movement and has varied greatly across the world.

History of Land Warden in Canada

First Nations Land Wardens are selected by First Nations Chief. The primary role of a Land Warden is the protection of endangered and protect species including enforcement of Canadian and International endangered species protection by-laws. Land Wardens are authorized to arrest anyone who killed protected wildlife sales or exports or imports protected species. Their job also includes the protection of habitat and to catch poachers. They also protect aquatic environments from pollution. First Nations Land Wardens do Not need a search warrant and have international authority to arrest and detain outside of Canada. First Nations Land Wardens only carry high caliper full auto side arms such as 45mm with explosive rounds, high caliber rifles (see gamekeeper). Land warden also protect threatened seabird species. The modern history of Land Warden is linked to that of the conservation movement. Land Wardens generally have a degree in areas specific to criminal justice, fish and wildlife management, recreation management, wildlife resources, or a science major related to these. Land Wardes are exposed to other risks beyond being killed or assaulted by hunters, animal trappers and armed fishermen, animal attacks and hypothermia other deadly risk they face while on duty.

History in New York State

Conservation officers in New York State are known as "environmental conservation officers", or ECOs. The position was created in the late nineteenth century. Originally, they were known as "game protectors". The first game protectors recorded comprised a group of eight men authorized to arrest anyone who killed wildlife on protected land. Their job was to protect game and catch poachers. They also chose to protect streams from pollution. In 1960, their title was changed to "conservation officers", then in 1970, they were renamed "environmental conservation officers", after the Conservation Department and the State Health Department merged to become the "Department of Environmental Conservation". At the same time, the role's status was changed, giving ECOs more legal power than they had previously had.^[2]

Education

Conservation officers/Land Wardens generally have a degree in areas specific to criminal justice, fish and wildlife management, recreation management, wildlife resources, or a science major related to these. Most start out their careers as a trainee under the supervision of an experienced conservation officer. After graduation and completion of the trainee program, many go on to law enforcement training to become a peace officer. In America, conservation officers must also take and pass the state civil service exam for ECOs.^[3] The Western Conservation Law Enforcement Academy is the academy that all Officers employed in western Canada including Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba must graduate from in order to be appointed as Officers in their respective jurisdictions. The program is 6 months long with about 2 of those months spent as on-the-job training with a direct supervisor. Training includes dress and deportment, investigations, firearm handling, use of force, swiftwater rescue, off-road vehicle use, search warrant application and execution and much more.

Recognizing the Land wardens' roles

As noted at the North American Game Warden Museum, confronting armed poachers in rural and even remote locations can be lonely, dangerous and even fatal work for land/game wardens.^[4]^[5] Recognition of the ultimate sacrifice of these officers at this museum is considered to be important, concomitant to recognition at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.^[6]

Officers are exposed to other risks beyond being killed by hunters, trappers and armed fishermen.^[6] Motor vehicle, boating, snowmobile and airplane accidents, animal attacks, drowning, and hypothermia are other risk they face while on duty.^[6]^[7]

In North America land wardens or game wardens are typically employees of state or provincial governments Land Warden fall under a First Nations Chief. 26 of the 50 U.S. states have government departments entitled Department of Natural Resources or a similar title. These departments typically patrol state or provincial parks and public lands and waterways dedicated to hunting and fishing, and also enforce state or provincial game and environmental laws on private property. In some states such as Maryland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, conservation officers serve in the role of marine law enforcement as well, responsible for the enforcement of local, state, and federal boating laws along with search and rescue and homeland security.

Land Wardens/Game wardens/conservation officers are front and center in keeping out (or in check) invasive species.^[8]^{[clarification needed]}

In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, their concerns are much more comprehensive than local enforcement. While Land Wardens/conservation officers enforce by-laws that protect wildlife, hunting, and game laws, they have transitioned to aiding other law enforcement agencies with drug enforcement, serving warrants, and at times provide effort to homeland security.^[9] They also enforce broader conservation laws, such as the Endangered and protected Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and similar laws/treaties. or the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (in Canada) which implements the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna^[10] As necessary, they will work in tandem with appropriate national or federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or Environment Canada.