1903 Chicago mayoral election
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In the Chicago mayoral election of 1903, Democrat Carter Harrison Jr. was reelected to a fourth term, defeating Republican nominee Graeme Stewart.
The election took place on April 7.[2][3][4] Before the election, both Harrison and Stewart had received their party's nominations by acclamation at each party's municipal nominating convention.
Background
[edit]1903 was shaping up to be a challenging reelection for incumbent Democrat Carter Harrison Jr.[5]
By 1903, the municipal reform movement in Chicago, which had been on the rise since the 1890s, had become a strong force in Chicago politics.[5]
By 1903, an anti-Harrison coalition had begun to arise in Chicago, consisting of members of union ( including in the Chicago Federation of Labor), former Harrison ally Robert "Bobby" Burke's followers, and remnants of what had been the once-strong Altgeld wing of the Democratic party.[5]
In 1903, the traction issue was a popular concern, particularly the issue of municipal ownership of streetcars.[5]
Nominations
[edit]Democratic
[edit]Incumbent mayor Carter Harrison Jr. was renominated by the Democratic Party.[5] Few others seemed interested in seeking the nomination.[5]
While there had been factional disputes within the party, most of the Democratic Party united behind Harrison as a nominee. A key exception to this was Harrison's once-ally Robert "Bobby" Burke, who remained opposed to Harrison.[5]
Harrison easily won the primaries to select delegates for the city's nominating convention, with his supporters being heavily selected as delegates.[5] A pro-Harrison delegate nominee even beat former Cook County Democratic Party Chairman Thomas Gahan, who had been seeking to run as a delegate aligned with then-Harrison rival Robert "Bobby" Burke.[5]
Without an opponent, Harrison was renominated at the convention by acclamation.[5] The convention, however, was noted as having been a rather unenthusiastic affair, appearing to signal more tepid or reluctant support of Harrison by his party.[5]
Republican
[edit]Businessman Greame Stewart won the Republican nomination.[6] He had previously served as a member of the executive committee of the 1900 Republican National Convention.[7] From 1882 through 1890 he was a member of the Chicago Board of Education, serving as the board's president from 1889 through 1890.[8] With an exceptional reputation for honesty and public service, Stewart had long been considered a potential candidate for mayor of Chicago.[5] Stewart was apealing to reform-minded voters dissatisfied with the Democratic political machine.[9]
Also seeking the mayoral nomination was former alderman John Maynard Harlan, who had previously run for mayor as an independent Republican in 1897[5] and had unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in 1901.[10]
In February, delegates favoring Stewart won the a 2–1 margin of victory in the Republican primaries over delegates supporting Harlan.[5]
At the city's Republican convention on March 7, Stewart was nominated in a single round of balloting.[11] Afterwards, resolutions were adopted to affirm Stewart's nomination by acclamation.[5][11]
| Republican convention nominating roll call[11] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Greame Stewart | 598 | 63.62 |
| John Maynard Harlan | 342 | 36.38 |
| Total | 940 | 100 |
| Ward | Stewart | Harlan | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | |
| 1st | 28 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 28 |
| 2nd | 37 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 37 |
| 3rd | 21 | 58.3 | 15 | 41.7 | 36 |
| 4th | 17 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 17 |
| 5th | 17 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 17 |
| 6th | 22 | 43.1 | 29 | 56.7 | 51 |
| 7th | 5 | 11.1 | 40 | 88.9 | 45 |
| 8th | 0 | 0.0 | 23 | 100 | 23 |
| 9th | 19 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 19 |
| 10th | 14 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 |
| 11th | 14 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 |
| 12th | 24 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 24 |
| 13th | 33 | 97.1 | 1 | 2.9 | 34 |
| 14th | 24 | 74.2 | 7 | 22.6 | 31 |
| 15th | 22 | 84.6 | 4 | 15.4 | 26 |
| 16th | 9 | 60.0 | 6 | 40.0 | 15 |
| 17th | 30 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 30 |
| 18th | 20 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 20 |
| 19th | 19 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 19 |
| 20th | 38 | 92.7 | 3 | 7.3 | 41 |
| 21st | 36 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
| 23rd | 16 | 72.7 | 6 | 13.6 | 22 |
| 24th | 17 | 85 | 3 | 15 | 20 |
| 25th | 40 | 88.9 | 5 | 11.1 | 45 |
| 26th | 25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
| 27th | 12 | 50.0 | 12 | 50.0 | 24 |
| 28th | 28 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| 29th | 4 | 33.3 | 8 | 66.6 | 12 |
| 30th | 8 | 36.4 | 14 | 63.6 | 22 |
| 31st | 32 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 32 |
| 32nd | 33 | 94.3 | 2 | 5.7 | 35 |
| 33rd | 22 | 73.3 | 8 | 26.7 | 30 |
| 34th | 15 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| 35th | 8 | 40.0 | 12 | 60.0 | 20 |
United Labor
[edit]The United Labor Party first nominated Clarence Darrow, who thereafter declined the nomination.[12] While the party had been formed in hopes of nominating Darrow, after he declined it moved on and nominated Daniel L. Cruise.[5][12]
Beginning at the start of 1903, there had been a strong push among members of the Chicago Federation of Labor and others to draft Darrow as an independent candidate for mayor.[5] After an active and organized effort to draft him, which even included a nominating convention-style pro-Darrow mass meeting held at the Auditorium Theatre on February 16, and active consideration of a prospective run on his part, it appeared in late February that Darrow might be preparing to enter the race.[5] However, on February 24, he made the surprise announcement that he would not be running.[5]
Prohibition
[edit]The Prohibition Party nominated Thomas L. Haines.
Socialist
[edit]The Socialist Party nominated Charles L. Breckon.
Socialist Labor
[edit]The Socialist Labor Party nominated Henry Sale.
General election
[edit]Both major parties were unified behind their candidates.[5]
The major party candidates not both only resided in the city's twenty-first ward, but each also resided in the exact same voting precinct.[13]
The traction issue became the primary issue of the election.[13] Both candidates supported ultimately supported ultimately having municipal ownership for the streetcar services.[13] Stewart advocated making immediate improvements to its conditions by accepting the best terms the streetcar companies were willing to offer.[13] Harrison advocated holding off on an agreement until the city received the terms it desired.[13]
Harrison worked to paint Stewart as a puppet of corporations and special interests, particularly the streetcar companies.[5]
Republicans worked to paint Harrison as an enabler of corruption.[5] They also worked to paint him as having made few substantive accomplishments in his tenure as mayor, and utilized the slogan "six years, nothing doing" against Harrison.[5]
Stewart's own platform promised reform.[8] In an attempt to make it appear that he was not a product of the political machine, Stewart attempted to convince the electorate that businessmen and not politicians had been the ones who had urged him to run.[8]
Late into the race, Clarence Darrow came forward as a campaign surrogate in support of Harrison, swaying a lot of labor voters in Harrison's favor.[5]
Results
[edit]The result was considered to be a close one.[5][12]
While they lost the mayoralty, in the coinciding elections, Republicans were able to win the races for City Attorney and City Clerk (having won the latter race by a mere several hundred vote margin).[5]
In the coinciding Chicago City Council election, Republicans won a weakened majority. The City Council went from having 39 Republicans, 30 Democrats, and one independent before the 1903 election, to having 35 Republicans, 33 Democrats, and one independent afterwards.[13]
Democrat Ernest Hummel also won the coinciding election for City Treasurer.[13]
Stewart had overwhelmingly won the vote in first precinct of the twenty-first ward, where both he and Harrison resided.[13] Harrison had won this precinct in the previous election.[13]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Carter Harrison Jr. | 146,208 | 47.22 | |
| Republican | Graeme Stewart | 138.648 | 44.78 | |
| Socialist | Charles L. Breckon | 11,124 | 3.59 | |
| United Labor | Daniel L. Cruice | 9,947 | 3.21 | |
| Prohibition | Thomas L. Haines | 2,674 | 0.86 | |
| Socialist Labor | Henry Sale | 1,014 | 0.33 | |
| Turnout | 309,615 | 84 | ||
Harrison received 64.38% of the Polish-American vote, while Stewart received 31.51%.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Hewitt, Oscar (March 28, 1923). "Election Results Shows Accuracy of Tribune Poll". Newspapers.com. Oscar Hewitt. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
- ^ a b The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year Book for 1912. Chicago Daily News, Incorporated. 1911. p. 465. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ Mayor Carter Henry Harrison IV Biography
- ^ Currey, Josiah Seymour (1912). Chicago: Its History and Its Builders, a Century of Marvelous Growth. S. J. Clarke publishing Company. p. 335.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Morton, Richard Allen (June 29, 2016). Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1881-1908. McFarland. pp. 140–142. ISBN 9781476623788. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ "Chicago Eagle Newspaper Archives, Apr 4, 1903". April 4, 1903.
- ^ "Herald Democrat June 28, 1905 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection".
- ^ a b c "Graeme Stewart Public School Building 4524 North Kenmore Avenue Final Landmark Recommendation adopted by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks, September 1, 2016" (PDF). City of Chicago. September 1, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ "To Fight Harrison". Newspapers.com. Brooklyn Eagle. December 24, 1900. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
- ^ "Chicago Mayoralty Contest.; Judge Elbridge Hanecy Nominated by the Republicans". The New York Times. March 3, 1901.
- ^ a b c d "Ballots Cast for the Candidates". March 8, 1903. Retrieved December 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Post, Louis Freeland; Post, Alice Thatcher (1903). "The Public".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "CHICAGO RE-ELECTS HARRISON ITS MAYOR; His Plurality Over Graeme Stewart, Republican, 6,948. Republicans Get Some City Offices -- Victory for Municipal Ownership, Says Mr. Harrison". The New York Times. April 8, 1903. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ Kantowicz, Edward. “The Emergence of the Polish-Democratic Vote in Chicago.” Polish American Studies, vol. 29, no. 1/2, 1972, pp. 67–80. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20147849.