Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2
	Technicians in a clean room at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, check out the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 before the mission’s Dec. 7, 1968, launch.
Names	OAO-A2, OAO2
Mission type	Astronomy
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1968-110A
SATCAT no.	3597
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	Grumman
Dry mass	2,012 kilograms (4,436 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date	7 December 1968, 08:40:09 UTC
Rocket	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Launch site	Cape Canaveral LC-36B
End of mission
Disposal	Telescope issues
Deactivated	February 1973
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	768 kilometres (477 mi)
Apogee altitude	777 kilometres (483 mi)
Inclination	35.0 degrees
Period	100.30 minutes
Epoch	6 January 1969
	← OAO-1 OAO-3 →

The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 (OAO-2, nicknamed Stargazer) was the first successful space telescope (first space telescope being OAO-1, which failed to operate once in orbit), launched on December 7, 1968.^[3] An Atlas-Centaur rocket launched it into a nearly circular 750-kilometre (470 mi) altitude Earth orbit.^[4] Data was collected in ultraviolet on many sources including comets, planets, and galaxies.^[3]^[5] It had two major instrument sets facing in opposite directions; the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) and the Wisconsin Experiment Package (WEP).^[5] One discovery was large halos of hydrogen gas around comets,^[5] and it also observed Nova Serpentis, which was a nova discovered in 1970.^[3]

Celescope: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, also called Celescope, had four 12 inch (30.5 cm) Schwarzschild telescopes that fed into Uvicons.^[6] The Uvicon was an ultra-violet light detector based on the Westinghouse Vidicon.^[7] Ultraviolet light was converted into electrons which were in turn converted to a voltage as those electrons hit the detection area of the tube.^[8] There has been a Uvicon in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution since 1973.^[7]

Various filters, photocathodes, and electronics aided in collecting data in several ultraviolet light passbands.^[6] The detectors showed a gradual loss of sensitivity^[9] and the experiment was turned off in April 1970.^[6] By the time it finished about 10 percent of the sky was observed^[6] resulting in a catalog of 5,068 UV stars.^[9]

Wisconsin Experiment Package

The Wisconsin Experiment Package had seven different telescopes for ultraviolet observations.^[10] For example, there was a nebular photoelectric photometer fed by a 16-inch (40.64 cm) telescope with a six-position filter wheel^[10] that unfortunately failed a few weeks after launch.^[9]

Construction was supervised by Arthur Code of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. ^[9] WEP observed over 1200 targets in ultraviolet light before the mission ended in early 1973.^[5]

Discoveries

In addition to the Celescope's catalog of UV stars, the WEP observed comet Tago-Sato-Kosaka and found it to be surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen, confirming that the comet was largely made up of water, and detected the 2175-angstrom bump, an increase in UV absorption at that wavelength that is still not fully explained.^[9]

Spacecraft bus

The observatory was built in the shape of an octagonal prism. It measured about 10 by 7 ft (3.0 by 2.1 m) and weighed 4,400 lb (2,000 kg).^[11]

References

^ "NASA's First Stellar Observatory, OAO 2, Turns 50". NASA. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Joseph A. Angelo (2014). Spacecraft for Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4381-0896-4.
^ Gunter – OAO-2
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Orbiting Astronomical Observatory OAO-2
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d High-Resolution Telescopes
^ ^a ^b "Detector, Uvicon, Celescope". National Air and Space Museum. 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
^ "Detector, Uvicon, Celescope | National Air and Space Museum". airandspace.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reddy, Francis (11 Dec 2018). "NASA's First Stellar Observatory, OAO 2, Turns 50". NASA.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b Wisconsin Experiment Package
^ "OAO-2". Space Based Telescopes. Retrieved 2018-10-25.

External links

This article about a specific observatory, telescope or astronomical instrument is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This article about one or more spacecraft of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] "NASA's First Stellar Observatory, OAO 2, Turns 50". NASA. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2023.

[2] McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 12 October 2013.

[joseph-3] Joseph A. Angelo (2014). Spacecraft for Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4381-0896-4.

[4] Gunter – OAO-2

[o2-5] Orbiting Astronomical Observatory OAO-2

[sao-6] High-Resolution Telescopes

[Detector,_Uvicon,_Celescope-7] "Detector, Uvicon, Celescope". National Air and Space Museum. 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2018-01-24.

[8] "Detector, Uvicon, Celescope | National Air and Space Museum". airandspace.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25.

[nasa-goddard-feature-9] Reddy, Francis (11 Dec 2018). "NASA's First Stellar Observatory, OAO 2, Turns 50". NASA.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2023.

[wep-10] Wisconsin Experiment Package

[11] "OAO-2". Space Based Telescopes. Retrieved 2018-10-25.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]