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IBS is often characterized by dysbiosis that occurs in the gut. Certain bacteria are found in lower or higher abundance when compared with healthy individuals. Overall, it has been shown that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria are increased and Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteria, and Lactobacillus are decreased. Within the human gut, there are common phylum found. The most common is Firmicutes. This includes Lactobacillus, which is found to have a decrease in IBS patients, and Streptococcus, which is shown to have an increase in abundance. Within this phylum, species in the class Clostridia are shown to have an increase, specifically Ruminococcus and Dorea. The family Lachnospiraceae presents an increase in IBS-D patients. The second most common phylum is Bacteroidetes. In IBS patients, the Bacteroidetes phylum has been shown to have an overall decrease, but an increase in the species Bacteroides. IBS-D patients show a decrease for the phylum Actinobacteria and an increase in Proteobacteria, specifically in the Enterobacteriaceae family. ^[1]