Queen Square, Bath

Queen Square is a square of Georgian houses in the city of Bath, England. Queen Square is the first element in "the most important architectural sequence in Bath",^[1] which includes the Circus and the Royal Crescent. All of the buildings which make up the square are Grade I listed.

The original development was undertaken by John Wood, the Elder in the early 18th century. He designed the building frontages following the rules of Palladian architecture and then sub-let to individual builders to put up the rest of the buildings. The obelisk in the centre of the square was erected by Beau Nash in 1738 in honour of Frederick, Prince of Wales.

During World War II several buildings on the south side of the square were damaged by bombing during the Bath Blitz. Following restoration many of the buildings are now offices with the west side housing the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution and on the south side the Francis Hotel.

Queen Square was the first speculative development by the architect John Wood, the Elder, who later lived in a house on the square.^[2]

Wood set out to restore Bath to what he believed was its former ancient glory as one of the most important and significant cities in Britain. In 1725 he developed an ambitious plan for his home town:

I began to turn [his] thoughts towards the improvement of the city by building.^[3]

Wood's grand plans for Bath were consistently hampered by the Corporation (council), churchmen, landowners and moneymen. Instead he approached Robert Gay, a barber surgeon from London, and the owner of the Barton Farm estate in the Manor of Walcot, outside the city walls.^[4] On these fields Wood established Bath’s architectural style, the basic principles of which were copied by all those architects who came after him.^[4]

Queen Square is a key component of Wood's vision for Bath. Named in honour of Queen Caroline, wife of George II,^[5] it was intended to appear like a palace with wings and a forecourt to be viewed from the south side:

• North side: Numbers 21–27 make up the north side,^[6] which was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "one of the finest Palladian compositions in England before 1730".^[1][7]
• West side: the west side (numbers 14–18 and 18A, 19 & 20) was designed by John Pinch in 1830 and differs from Wood's original design as the central block is in Neo-Grecian style.^[8]

Wood wrote that:

The intention of a square in a city is for people to assemble together.^[3]

He understood that polite society enjoyed parading, and in order to do that Wood provided wide streets, with raised pavements, and a thoughtfully designed central garden. The formal garden was laid out with gravel pathways, low planting and was originally enclosed by a stone balustrade.^[4] The current railings date from 1978, a replica of the pre-WW2 originals. The garden area within the railings is exactly one acre (63.6 metres by 63.6 metres).

With the Palladian buildings at Queen Square, Wood "set fresh standards for urban development in scale, boldness and social consequence."^[1] The elegant and palatial north façade of seven individual townhouses, with emphasis only on the central house to suggest a grand entrance, is heralded as Wood’s greatest triumph, but the other three wings purposefully act as foils to this ostentatious palace front. The east and west sides of the square are the wings of the ‘palace’, enclosing a forecourt. Wood undoubtedly took his inspiration from Inigo Jones’s Covent Garden piazza (1631–37) in London and perhaps Dean Aldrick’s Peckwater Quadrangle at Christ Church, Oxford (1706–10).^[1]

At Queen Square, Wood introduced speculative building to Bath. This meant that whilst Wood leased the land from Robert Gay for £137 per annum, designed the frontages, and divided the ground into the individual building plots, he sub-let to other individual builders or masons. They had two years' grace in which to get the walls up and the roof on, after which they had to pay a more substantial rent.^[9] As Bath was booming, most plots were reserved before the two years were up, providing the builder with the necessary income to complete the house. Ultimately this meant less work and risk for Wood; in addition he received £305 per annum in rents, leaving him a healthy profit of £168 – the equivalent today (in terms of average earnings) of £306,000.^[4]

The obelisk in the centre of the square, of which Wood was "inordinately proud", was erected by Beau Nash in 1738 in honour of Frederick, Prince of Wales.^[10] It formerly rose from a circular pool to a point 70 feet (21 m) high, but a severe gale in 1815 truncated it.^[5]

Wood chose to live at No.9, on the south side, until he died (No.9 is now the entrance to the Francis Hotel). It was here that he had the best view imaginable:

It was in keeping with Wood’s robust sense of self-satisfaction that he should have made his home in...the central house of the...south side. There he could enjoy, on an axial line, his Egyptian obelisk and the 23-bay palace of the north side.^[11]

Although outside the city walls, Queen Square quickly became a popular residence for Bath's Georgian society. It was away from the crowded streets of medieval Bath, but only a short walk to the Abbey, Pump Room, Assembly Rooms and baths. To the north, Wood's vision continued with Gay Street where Jane Austen lived; the Circus, which became home to Georgian artist Thomas Gainsborough; and then along Brock Street to the Royal Crescent.^[12]

During the Second World War, between the evening of 25 April and the early morning of 27 April 1942,^[13] Bath suffered three air raids in reprisal for RAF raids on the German cities of Lübeck and Rostock, part of the Luftwaffe campaign popularly known as the Baedeker Blitz. During the Bath Blitz,^[13] over 400 people were killed, and more than 19,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed.^[14]

During the raids, a 500-kilogram (1,100 lb) high explosive bomb landed on the east side of the square, resulting in houses on the south side being damaged.^[13] The Francis Hotel lost 24 metres (79 ft) of its hotel frontage, and most of the buildings on the square suffered some level of schrapnel damage. Casualties on the square were low considering the devastation, the majority of hotel guests and staff having taken shelter in the hotel's basement.^[13]

The buildings have subsequently been restored, although there are still some signs of the bombing.^[13][14]

All of the buildings have been designated by Historic England as Grade I listed buildings.

Numbers 16–18 are now occupied by the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution (BRLSI). The south side (numbers 5–11), which was originally left open, is now occupied by the 4-star Francis Hotel.^[15]

The square hosts many attractions all year, such as a French market, Italian market, and boules weekend.^[16]

On 30 October 2011, the square was occupied as part of the global Occupy movement, with protesters, under the banner of Occupy Bath, pitching tents and creating other temporary structures.^[17] The protestors held a variety of debates, talks and musical events related to financial inequality and were runners up in the 2011 Bath Chronicle Campaign of the Year.^[18] The camp dismantled on 10 December 2011, the protesters vowing to continue via other means.^[19]

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51°23′01″N 2°21′49″W / 51.38361°N 2.36361°W / 51.38361; -2.36361