Oscar-class submarine

Oscar II class

K-150 Tomsk in Vilyuchinsk
Class overview
Name	Oscar II class
Builders	Sevmash
Operators	Soviet Navy  Russian Navy
Preceded by	Papa class Charlie class
Succeeded by	Yasen class
Built	1975–present
In commission	1980–present
Planned	20 (2 949, 18 949A)[1]
Completed	14 (2 949, 11 949A, 1 09852)
Cancelled	6 (2 incomplete, 4 never laid down)
Active	6 (+2 on modernization to 949AM)[2]
Laid up	2[3]
Lost	1
Retired	4
General characteristics
Type	Nuclear cruise missile submarine
Displacement	12,500/14,700 tonnes surfaced 16,500/19,400 tonnes submerged[1]
Length	155 m (508 ft 6 in)[1] maximum
Beam	18.2 m (59 ft 9 in)
Draught	9 m (29 ft 6 in)
Installed power	2 × pressurized water cooled reactors, HEU ≤ 45%[4]
Propulsion	2 × steam turbines delivering 73,070 kW (97,990 shp) to two shafts
Speed	15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) surfaced 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) submerged[1]
Endurance	120 days[1]
Test depth	600 m
Complement	94/107[1]
Armament	4 × 533 mm (21.0 in) and 2 × 650 mm (26 in) torpedo tubes in bow 28 × 533 mm and 650 mm weapons, including RPK-2 Vyuga (SS-N-15 Starfish) anti-submarine missiles with 15 kt nuclear warheads and RPK-6 Vodopad/RPK-7 Veter (SS-N-16) anti-submarine missiles with 200 kt nuclear warhead or Type 40 anti-submarine torpedo or 32 ground mines 24 × P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) cruise missiles with 750 kilograms (1,650 lb) HE or 4 × 100 Mt Poseidon drones

The Oscar class, Soviet designations Project 949 Granit and Project 949A Antey (NATO reporting names Oscar I and Oscar II respectively), are a series of nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines designed in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. First built in the 1970s, six remain in service with the Russian Navy. Two other vessels were slated to be modernized since at least 2017 as Project 949AM, to extend their service life and increase combat capabilities but it is unclear whether work continues as of 2023.

The Project 949 submarines were the largest cruise missile submarines in service until some Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines were converted to carry cruise missiles in 2007. They are the fourth largest class of submarines in displacement and length. Only the Soviet Typhoon-class, Russian Borei-class and American Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines are larger.

The first submarine of Project 949 was laid down in the mid-1970s and was commissioned in 1980. In 1982 an updated and larger version (Project 949A) replaced the earlier version. In total fourteen submarines were constructed. The Oscar class was designed to attack NATO carrier battle groups using long-range P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 "Shipwreck") anti-ship missiles and targeting data provided by the EORSAT [it] satellite system (via the submarine's "Punch Bowl" antenna).^[5][6][7] In the financial problems that followed the fall of the Soviet Union the Oscar class was prioritized by the Russian Navy, and when many older submarine classes were retired the Oscar class remained active in both the Northern and Pacific Fleets.

The Rubin Design Bureau started working on Project 949A modernization in 2011, with Zvezdochka and Zvezda shipyards to carry out modernization of the vessels.^[8] In September 2015, Russian Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu announced during his visit to Zvezda shipyard, that at least three Oscar-class submarines will undergo repair and modernization to extend their service life by 20 years.^[9] The upgraded submarines will be known as "Project 949AM", according to the Russian officials. Modernization cost was estimated at RUB12 billion (US$182 million) per submarine.^[10]

In September 2016, it was reported submarines K-132 Irkutsk and K-442 Chelyabinsk are currently being modernized to 949AM.^[11] According to the Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Yury Borisov, Russia's Pacific Fleet may get four modernized Oscar II-class submarines armed with Kalibr cruise missiles by 2021.^[12]

Two Project 949 Granit submarines were built at Severodvinsk between 1975 and 1982 and assigned to the Soviet Northern Fleet. K-525 was laid down in 1975 and K-206 was laid down in 1979. After the construction of the first two submarines, production continued with the improved project 949A Antey. Both submarines of the Project 949 were decommissioned in 1996^[13] and scrapped in 2004.^[14]

Eleven Project 949A Antey submarines were completed at Severodvinsk, of which five were assigned to the Soviet Northern Fleet. At one stage it had been planned to develop a new fourth-generation follow-on to the Project 949A, but this plan was later dropped. The external differences between the two classes were that the 949A class is about 10 metres (33 ft) longer than its predecessor (approximately 154 metres, 505 ft rather than 143 m, 469 ft), providing space and buoyancy for improved electronics and quieter propulsion.

Some sources speculate that the acoustic performance of the Oscar II class is superior to early Akula class but inferior to the Akula II class as well as subsequent (4th generation) designs.^[15] It also has a larger fin, and its propellers have seven blades instead of four.^[16]

Like all post-World War II Soviet designs, they are of double hull construction.^[17] Similarly, like other Soviet submarine designs, Project 949 not only has a bridge open to the elements on top of the sail but, for use in inclement weather, there is an enclosed bridge forward and slightly below this station. A distinguishing mark is a slight bulge at the top of the fin. A large door on either side of the fin reaches this bulge. These are wider at the top than on the bottom, and are hinged on the bottom. The Federation of American Scientists^[16] reports that this submarine carries an emergency crew escape capsule; it is possible that these doors cover it. The VSK escape capsule can accommodate 110 people.^[18]

Modernization of Project 949A submarines, first announced by the Russian Defence Ministry in 2011.^[8] As part of the modernization, submarines will have their 24 P-700 Granit anti-ship missiles replaced with up to 72 newer 3M-54 Kalibr or P-800 Oniks anti-ship cruise missiles. The upgrade requires no design changes to the hull as the new missiles will fit into the existing launchers outside the pressure hull. The modernized boats will also get upgraded Omnibus-M combat information and Simfoniya-3.2 navigation systems, as well as new fire-control system, communications, sonar, radar, and electronic intercept equipment.^[10] The modernization aims to bring the submarines up to the same technological level as Russia's next-generation Yasen-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines.^[9]

In December 2012, construction began on a special purpose research and rescue submarine, designated Project 09852, and based on the incomplete Project 949A (Oscar II class) submarine Belgorod.^[19][20][21] The submarine is reportedly designed to carry both manned (e.g. Project 18511 midget submarine) as well as unmanned (e.g. Klavesin-1R) underwater vessels.^[20][22] However, while carrying smaller unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) would be possible as-is on an Oscar-class hull, the accommodation of a midget submarine such as Project 18511 Paltus or the even larger Project 10831 Losharik,^[23] would probably require a major hull extension in order to accommodate a docking compartment. For example, the length of the submarine BS-64 Podmoskovye was increased by 9 metres (30 ft) even though the SLBM missile compartment was completely removed.^[24][25]

Belgorod will be reportedly used as a carrier of the rumored Poseidon (NATO reporting name Kanyon) nuclear-powered, thermonuclear armed unmanned underwater device capable to carry a 100 Mt thermonuclear warhead, with at least four such devices being carried horizontally in place of the 24 P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) launchers for a total yield of 600 megatonnes of TNT.^{[22][26][27][28]}

It is estimated that Belgorod will be 184 metres (604 ft) long which would make it the longest submarine in the world.^[22][29]

On 23 April 2019, Belgorod was floated out of a slipway during a ceremony at the Sevmash shipyard, watched by the President of Russia Vladimir Putin via a TV-link. Further work was to be completed afloat and the submarine was scheduled to start its factory and state trials in 2020 after which it was to be delivered to the Russian Navy.^[30][31] However, this schedule was delayed with sea trials then projected to begin in May 2021.^[32] After some delays, sea trials were reported to have started on June 25, 2021.^[33] The submarine was delivered to the Russian Navy on 8 July 2022.^[34]

• 
  This picture clearly displays the arrangement of the hatches in the hull above the missile tubes, on either side of the dorsal fin. Also shown is the opening for the forward hydroplane (currently folded in), as well as the bulge on the top of the fin under which the rescue capsule is located. Although partially obscured by shadow, the seam between the capsule and the fin is faintly visible.
• 
  K-186 Omsk during 2008 Naval Parade in Vladivostok
• 
  K-266 Orel after completion of its overhaul
• 
  Disassembling of an Oscar-class submarine at the Zvezdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk, Russia
• 
  Artist impression of a Soviet ballistic missile submarine base during the 1980s

• List of submarine classes in service

• The Encyclopedia Of Warships, From World War Two To The Present Day, General Editor Robert Jackson.

• Hampshire, Edward (2018). Soviet Cruise Missile Submarines of the Cold War. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47282-499-8.
• Pavlov, A. S. (1997). Warships of the USSR and Russia 1945–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-671-X.
• Polmar, Norman & Moore, Kenneth J. (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D. C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
• Polmar, Norman & Noot, Jurrien (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718–1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-570-1.
• Vilches Alarcón, Alejandro A. (2022). From Juliettes to Yasens: Development and Operational History of Soviet Cruise-Missile Submarines. Europe @ War (22). Warwick, UK: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-915070-68-5.

• Media related to Oscar class submarines at Wikimedia Commons
• "The Kursk Crisis". deepspace4.com. 23 August 2000. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
• "Oscar-class subs and Soviet RORSATs". Friends and Partners. 1 September 2000. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
• Line drawing of Oscar-class submarine Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine