Periander

Periander
Tyrant of Corinth
Periander, Roman copy after a Greek original of the 4th century BC, Vatican Museums.
Reign	627–585 BC
Predecessor	Cypselus
Successor	Psammetichus
Born	prior to 635 BC Corinth
Died	585 BC Corinth
Consort	Lyside
Issue	Cypselus II Lycophron
Greek	Περίανδρος
House	Cypselid
Father	Cypselus
Mother	Cratea
Religion	Greek polytheism

Periander (/ˌpɛriˈændər/; Greek: Περίανδρος; died c. 585 BC) was the second tyrant of the Cypselid dynasty that ruled over ancient Corinth. Periander's rule brought about a prosperous time in Corinth's history, as his administrative skill made Corinth one of the wealthiest city states in Greece.^[1] Several accounts state that Periander was a cruel and harsh ruler, but others^{[2][citation needed]} claim that he was a fair and just king who worked to ensure that the distribution of wealth in Corinth was more or less even. He is often considered one of the Seven Sages of Greece, men of the 6th century BC who were renowned for centuries for their wisdom. (The other Sages were most often considered to be Thales, Solon, Cleobulus, Chilon, Bias and Pittacus.)^[1]

Periander was the second tyrant of Corinth^[3] and the son of Cypselus, the founder of the Cypselid dynasty. Because of his father, he was called Cypselides (Κυψελίδης).^[4] Cypselus’ wife was named Cratea. There were rumors that she and her son, Periander, slept together.^[5] Periander married Lyside (whom he often referred to as Melissa), daughter of Procles and Eristenea of Epidaurus.^[5] They had two sons: Cypselus, who was said to be weak-minded, and Lycophron, a man of intelligence.^[5] According to the book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Periander, in a fit of rage, kicked his wife or threw her down a set of stairs so hard that she was killed.^[5][6] Greek historian Herodotus has alluded to suggestions that Periander had defiled the corpse of his wife, employing a metaphor: "Periander baked his bread in a cold oven".^[7] Grief for his mother and anger at his father drove Lycophron to take refuge in Corcyra.^[6] When Periander was much older and looking to have his successor at his side, he sent for Lycophron.^[5] When the people of Corcyra heard of this, they killed Lycophron rather than let him depart. The death of his son caused Periander to fall into a despondency that eventually led to his death.^[5] Periander was succeeded by his nephew, Psammetichus, who ruled for just three years and was the last of the Cypselid tyrants.^[8]

Periander built Corinth into one of the major trading centers in Ancient Greece.^[3] He established colonies at Potidaea in Chalcidice and at Apollonia in Illyria,^[3] conquered Epidaurus, formed positive relationships with Miletus and Lydia, and annexed Corcyra, where his son lived much of his life.^[3] Periander is also credited with inventing a transport system, the Diolkos, across the Isthmus of Corinth. Tolls from goods entering Corinth's port accounted for nearly all the government revenues, which Periander used to build temples and other public works, and to promote literature and arts. He had the poet Arion come from Lesbos to Corinth for an arts festival in the city. Periander held many festivals and built many buildings in the Doric style. The Corinthian style of pottery was developed by an artisan during his rule.

Periander's style of leadership and politics was termed a 'tyranny'. Tyrants favored the poor over the rich, sometimes confiscating landlord's possessions and enacting laws that limited their privileges. They also started the construction of temples, ports and fortifications, and improved the drainage of the city and supply of water. Periander adopted measures that benefitted commerce.^[2]

Diogenes Laertius recounts a legend about his death, that he did not want others to know where he was buried. "He ordered two young men to go out at night by a certain road which he pointed out to them; they were to kill the man they met and bury him. He afterwards ordered four more to go in pursuit of the two, kill them and bury them; again, he dispatched a larger number in pursuit of the four. Having taken these measures, he himself encountered the first pair and was slain."^[9]

Periander was said to be a patron of literature, who both wrote and appreciated early philosophy. He is said to have written a didactic poem 2,000 lines long.^[5] In the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laërtius points out that writers disagree on who the Seven Sages are. It is posited that Periander tried to improve order in Corinth; although he appears on Diogenes Laërtius's list, his extreme measures and despotic gestures make him more suited to a list of famous tyrants than of wise men.^[2]

Diogenes Laertius recounts some adages by him: Tyrants who intend to be safe should make loyalty their bodyguard, not arms. Pleasures are transient, honours are immortal. Be moderate in prosperity, prudent in adversity. Be the same to your friends whether they are in prosperity or in adversity. Whatever agreement you make, stick to it. Correct not only the offenders but also those who are on the point of offending.^[9]

Periander is referenced by many contemporaries in relation to philosophy and leadership. Most commonly he is mentioned as one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece, a group of philosophers and rulers from early Greece, but some authors leave him out of the list. In Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laertius, a philosopher of the 3rd century AD, lists Periander as one of these Seven Sages. Ausonius also refers to Periander as one of the Sages in his work The Masque of the Seven Sages.^[10]

Some scholars have argued that the ruler named Periander was a different person from the sage of the same name. Diogenes Laërtius writes that "Sotion, and Heraclides, and Pamphila in the fifth book of her Commentaries say that there were two Perianders; the one a tyrant, and the other a wise man, and a native of Ambracia. Neanthes of Cyzicus makes the same assertion, adding, that the two men were cousins to one another. Aristotle says, that it was the Corinthian Periander who was the wise one; but Plato contradicts him."^[11]

• Diolkos

• Quotations related to Periander at Wikiquote
• Media related to Periander at Wikimedia Commons
•  Laërtius, Diogenes (1925). "The Seven Sages: Periander" . Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. 1:1. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.