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Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group

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The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish on the classification of pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. In 2016, the group published a classification for extant pteridophytes, termed "PPG I". The paper had 94 authors (26 principal and 68 additional).[1] The classification was presented as a consensus classification supported by the community of fern taxonomists, but it has been partially exclusive and is highly contested. Alternative classifications of ferns exist and are preferred by more general taxonomists (see below).

PPG I

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A first classification, PPG I, was produced in 2016, covering only extant (living) pteridophytes. The classification was rank-based, using the ranks of class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily and genus.[1]

Phylogeny

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The classification was based on a consensus phylogeny, shown below to the level of order.[1]

tracheophytes

The very large order Polypodiales was divided into two suborders, as well as families not placed in a suborder:[1]

Polypodiales

Classification to subfamily level

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To the level of subfamily, the PPG I classification is as follows.[1]

  • Order Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1 family, 16 genera)
  • Class Polypodiopsida Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. (11 orders, 48 families, 319 genera)
  • Subclass Equisetidae Warm. (1 order, 1 family, 1 genus)
  • Order Equisetales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1 family, 1 genus)
  • Subclass Marattiidae Klinge (1 order, 1 family, 6 genera)
  • Subclass Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. (7 orders, 44 families, 300 genera)
  • Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank (8 families, 13 genera)
  • Suborder Lindsaeineae Lehtonen & Tuomist (3 families, 9 genera)
  • Suborder Pteridineae J.Prado & Schuettp (1 family, 53 genera)
  • Suborder Aspleniineae H.Schneid. & C.J.Rothf (11 families, 72 genera)

Number of genera

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The number of genera used in PPG I has proved controversial. PPG I uses 18 lycopod and 319 fern genera.[1] The earlier system put forward by Smith et al. (2006) had suggested a range of 274 to 312 genera for ferns alone.[2] By contrast, the system of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) used 5 lycopod and about 212 fern genera.[3] The number of fern genera was further reduced to 207 in a subsequent publication.[4]

The number of genera used in each of these two approaches has been defended by their proponents. Defending PPG I, Schuettpelz et al. (2018) argue that the larger number of genera is a result of "the gradual accumulation of new collections and new data" and hence "a greater appreciation of fern diversity and [..] an improved ability to distinguish taxa". They also argue that the number of species per genus in the PPG I system is already higher than in other groups of organisms (about 33 species per genus for ferns as opposed to about 22 species per genus for angiosperms) and that reducing the number of genera as Christenhusz and Chase propose yields the 'excessive' number of about 50 species per genus for ferns.[5] In response, Christenhusz and Chase (2018) argue that the excessive splitting of genera destabilises the usage of names and will lead to greater instability in future, especially when nuclear DNA is employed, and that the highly split genera have few if any characters that can be used to recognize them, making identification difficult, even to generic level. They further argue that comparing numbers of species per genus in different groups is "fundamentally meaningless", because there is no limit to numbers of species per genus. They also argue that the new findings in phylogeny can easily be treated at subgeneric and subfamilial levels, so that the names used by non-specialists will remain unaltered.[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f PPG I (2016), "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns", Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 54 (6): 563–603, doi:10.1111/jse.12229
  2. ^ Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald & Wolf, Paul G. (2006), "A Classification for Extant Ferns", Taxon, 55 (3): 705–731, doi:10.2307/25065646, JSTOR 25065646
  3. ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014), "Trends and concepts in fern classification", Annals of Botany, 113 (4): 571–594, doi:10.1093/aob/mct299, PMC 3936591, PMID 24532607
  4. ^ a b Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. & Chase, Mark W. (2018), "PPG recognises too many fern genera", Taxon, 67 (3): 481–487, doi:10.12705/673.2
  5. ^ Schuettpelz, Eric; Rouhan, Germinal; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Prado, Jefferson; Sundue, Michael A.; Windham, Michael D.; Moran, Robbin C. & Smith, Alan R. (2018), "Are there too many fern genera?", Taxon, 67 (3): 473–480, doi:10.12705/673.1
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