1610

Year 1610 (MDCX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar. It has been posited that 1610 marks the beginning of the Anthropocene, or the 'Age of Man', marking a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the Earth system.^[1][2]

• January 6 – Nossa Senhora da Graça incident – a Portuguese carrack sinks near Nagasaki after fighting Japanese samurai for four nights.
• January 7 – Galileo Galilei first observes the four Galilean moons of Jupiter: Ganymede, Callisto, Europa and Io, but is unable to distinguish the latter two until the following day.
• May 14 – François Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France.
• May 23 – Jamestown, Virginia: Acting as temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, along with John Rolfe, Captain Ralph Hamor, Sir George Somers, and other survivors from the Sea Venture (wrecked at Bermuda) arrive at Jamestown; they find that 60 have survived the "starving time" (winter), the fort palizadoes and gates have been torn down, and empty houses have been used for firewood, in fear of attacks by natives outside the fort area.
• May 24 – Jamestown, Virginia: The temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, issues The Divine, Moral, and Martial Laws.
• May 27 – Regicide François Ravaillac is executed by being pulled apart by horses in the Place de Grève, Paris.
• June 7 – Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates decides to abandon Jamestown.
• June 8 – Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates' convoy meets the ships of Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr ("Delaware") at Mulberry Island.
• June 10 – Jamestown: The convoy of temporary Governor Gates and the ships of Governor Lord De La Warr land at Jamestown.

• July 4 – Polish–Muscovite War: Battle of Klushino – The outnumbered forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeat the combined Russian and Swedish army. Polish troops go on to occupy Moscow.
• July 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
• July 9 – Lady Arbella Stuart, a claimant to the throne of England, is imprisoned for clandestinely marrying William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, another claimant, without royal permission on June 22.^[3]
• August 2 – Henry Hudson sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay, thinking he has made it through the Northwest Passage and reached the Pacific Ocean.
• August 9 – Anglo-Powhatan Wars: The English launch a major attack on the Paspahegh village, capturing and executing the native queen and her children, burning houses and chopping down the corn fields; the subsequent use of the term "Paspahegh" in documents refers to their former territory.
• August 21 – The Tuscans fight the Turks.
• October 10 – The Tuscans fight the Turks again.
• October 17 – Louis XIII of France is crowned.
• Winter – Dr. Bonham's Case is decided by Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king.

• The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming dynasty of China, then under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing dynasty which overthrows the short-lived Shun dynasty in 1644 and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662.
• The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
• Completion of publication of the Douay–Rheims Bible (The Holie Bible Faithfully Translated into English), a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College, Douai, in the service of the Catholic Church.^[4]
• Jakob Böhme experiences another inner vision in which he further understand the unity of the cosmos and that he has received a special vocation from God.
• Work starts on the Wignacourt Aqueduct in Malta.

• January 13 – Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1665)
• February 13 – Jean de Labadie, French mystic (d. 1674)
• March 1 – John Pell, English mathematician (d. 1685)
• March 4 – William Dobson, English portraitist and painter (d. 1646)
• April 1 – Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier and writer (d. 1703)
• April 22 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691)
• April 23 – Lettice Boyle, English noblewoman (d. 1657)
• May 18 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664)
• July 14 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1670)
• July 28 (bapt.) – Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (d. c.1643)
• October 6 – Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (d. 1690)
• October 19 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier (d. 1688)
• December 9 – Baldassare Ferri, Italian castrato singer (d. 1680)
• December 10 – Adriaen van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1685)
• December 12 – Saint Vasilije (d. 1671)
• December 15 – David Teniers the Younger, Flemish artist (d. 1690)
• December 18 – Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, philologist and historian (d.1688)
• date unknown
  • Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop, Dutch astronomer and cartographer (d. 1682)
  • Reinhold Curicke, jurist and historian of Danzig (d. 1667)
  • Richard Deane, soldier, sailor, and regicide (d. 1653)
  • Huang Zongxi, Chinese political theorist, philosopher, writer, and soldier (d. 1695)
  • Li Yu, Chinese writer (d. 1680)
  • Louis Maimbourg, French Jesuit and historian (d. 1686)
  • François Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (d. 1683)
  • Philip Sherman, founder of Rhode Island (d. 1687)
  • Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish dramatist and historian (d. 1686)
  • Emmanuel Tzanes, Greek painter (d. 1690)
• probable
  • Donald Cargill, Scottish Covenanter (d. 1681)
  • George Carteret, English Royalist statesman (d. 1680)
  • Jeremias de Dekker, Dutch poet (d. 1666)
  • Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (d. 1688)
  • Jin Shengtan, Chinese editor (d. 1661)

• April 15 – Robert Parsons, English Jesuit priest (b. 1546)
• May 11 – Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest (b. 1552)
• May 14 – King Henry IV of France (assassinated) (b. 1553)
• May 19 – Thomas Sanchez, Spanish theologian (b. 1550)
• May 27 – François Ravaillac, French assassin of Henry IV of France (b. 1578)
• July – Richard Knolles, English historian (b. 1545)
• July 18 – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian artist (b. 1573)
• August 20 – Stanisław Stadnicki, Polish nobleman (b. 1551)
• October 14 – Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1540)
• November 2 – Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1544)
• December 3 – Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese soldier (b. 1548)
• December 11 – False Dmitry II, pretender to the Russian throne
• December 31 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (b. 1540)
• date unknown
  • Hasegawa Tōhaku, Japanese painter (b. 1539)
  • Joachim Lubomirski, Polish nobleman
  • Barbara Tarnowska, Polish noblewoman (b. 1566)
• probable
  • Peter Bales, English calligraphist (b. 1547)
  • Girolamo Diruta, Italian organist (b. 1554)