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{{short description|Submarine of the Royal Navy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= HMS Affray P421.jpg
|Ship image size=300px
|Ship caption=''Affray'', last [[Royal Navy]] submarine to be lost at sea.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag=[[File:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|Royal Navy Ensign]]
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|Ship ordered=Late May 1943
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder= [[Cammell Laird]], Birkenhead
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|Ship laid down=16 January 1944
|Ship launched=12 April 1944
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|Ship commissioned=25 November 1945
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|Ship struck=June 1951
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|Ship identification=[[Pennant number]]: P421
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|Ship fate=Foundered 16 April 1951
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|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement=*1,385&nbsp;tons surfaced
*1,620&nbsp;tons submerged
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|Ship armament=*one {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on}} gun
*one [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon 20&nbsp;mm cannon]]
*three .303-calibre machine guns
*ten [[British 21 inch torpedo|21 inch (533 mm)]] torpedo tubes (four bow, two bow external, two stern, two stern external), 20 torpedoes
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|}

'''HMS ''Affray''''' was a British [[Amphion class submarine|''Amphion''-class]] [[submarine]]. ''Affray'' was built in the closing stages of the [[Second World War]]. She was one of 16 submarines of her class which were originally designed for use in the [[Pacific Ocean]] against [[Japan]].

It was the last [[Royal Navy]] submarine to be lost at sea, on 16 April 1951, with the loss of 75 lives.<ref name="JinksHennessy2015">{{cite book | author1 = James Jinks | author2 = Peter Hennessy | date = 29 October 2015 | title = The Silent Deep: The Royal Navy Submarine Service Since 1945 | publisher = Penguin UK | pages = 88–92 | isbn = 978-0-14-197370-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=miP3BgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==History==

===Early history===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
She was laid down at the [[Cammell Laird]] yard in [[Birkenhead]] on 16 January 1944, launched on 12 April and commissioned on 25 November 1945. ''Affray'' and her sisters were state-of-the-art submarines at the time of their launching. They were the culmination of a rapid submarine development driven by the Second World War. Some elements of her design were taken from captured [[Nazi German]] [[U-boat]]s. Her modular style of manufacture and all-welded hull were unique at the time. For work in the [[Far East]] she was equipped with refrigeration and two huge [[Air-conditioning system|air conditioners]], and all her accommodation was placed as far away from the engine room as possible. She also had ten [[torpedo tube]]s which made her and her class some of the most formidable submarines in the world at that time.

She was sent to the submarine tender [[HMS Montclare (F85)|HMS ''Montclare'']] at [[Rothesay, Argyll and Bute|Rothesay]], as part of the [[List of squadrons and flotillas of the Royal Navy|3rd Submarine Flotilla]], before joining her sisters [[HMS Amphion (P439)|HMS ''Amphion'']], [[HMS Astute (P447)|''Astute'']], [[HMS Auriga|''Auriga'']], [[HMS Aurochs|''Aurochs'']] and the submarine tender [[HMS Adamant (1940)|HMS ''Adamant'']] in the [[British Pacific Fleet]]. The following four years ''Affray'' was on travel and took part in exercises all over the globe, visiting such places as [[Australia]], [[Singapore]], [[Japan]], [[Morocco]], [[South Africa]], [[Pearl Harbor]] and [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]].

===Modification===
[[file:The Royal Navy during the Second World War A28195.jpg|thumb|right|''Affray'' after launching at the Cammel Laird ship yard, Birkenhead, 1944]]
On 11 March 1949 she was transferred to the [[List of squadrons and flotillas of the Royal Navy|5th Submarine Flotilla]] reserve and entered [[drydock]] to be retrofitted with a [[Submarine snorkel|snort mast]] (snorkel device)—a [[pneumatic]]ally raised and lowered steel tube which, when in the vertical position, worked as an air induction/exhaust emission device. Once vertical it was self-locking and drew air into the submarine at [[periscope depth]], permitting the submarine to charge batteries and run diesels for propulsion below the surface, allowing the sub to remain underwater. At the point where the air intake entered the pressure hull of the submarine, there was a bulbous casting—set about half a metre above the hull, this housed the main induction valve. This very important casting was totally concealed and protected by the free-flooding hull. The snort mast on the ''Affray'' was designed for both air intake and exhaust venting; this was later changed to be an air intake only and the exhaust was moved to the rear of the conning tower. The snort mast had a float valve that would close automatically if the submarine dropped below periscope depth. In December of that same year ''Affray'' was sent to the [[Mediterranean]]; it was recorded during deep dives in this sea that she began "leaking like a sieve" and that the ''Admiralty''-class diesels started leaking oil.

In January 1951 ''Affray'' was transferred to [[Portsmouth]] Naval base to join Reserve group "G". In March she was brought out of reserve, and Lieutenant John Blackburn [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|DSC]] was appointed CO and given the task of bringing her and the new crew up to operational status.

===Loss===
On 16 April 1951, ''Affray'' set out on a simulated war mission called [[Exercise Spring Train|Exercise ''Spring Train'']].<ref name="JinksHennessy2015"/> The submarine had a reduced crew of 50 from 61. They were joined by one [[sergeant]], one [[corporal]], and two marines from the [[Special Boat Service]]; a commander (Engineer), a naval instructor, seven lieutenants in the engineering branch, and 13 sub-lieutenants. The last two groups were undergoing an essential submarine officer training course.<ref name="JinksHennessy2015"/> This made her complement 75 in total. Her captain's orders were unusually flexible: the Marines were to be dropped off somewhere along the south west coast of England—the captain told the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] he had chosen an isolated [[beach]] in [[Cornwall]]—come ashore and return under the cover of darkness. The exercise was expected to continue until ''Affray'' was due to return to base on 23 April for essential defect repairs including a leak in a battery tank. ''Affray'' left her home base at about 1600 hrs, and made normal contact to confirm position, course, speed etc at 2100 hrs, and indicated she was preparing to dive. The last ship to see her on the surface was the 'Co' Class destroyer [[HMS Contest (R12)|HMS ''Contest'']] returning to Portsmouth that evening. As they passed each other, both vessels [[Boatswain's call|piped the side]]. When she missed her 0800 report due the next day she was declared missing and an immediate search began.

===Search===
Shore stations called ''Affray'' all day. [[HMS Agincourt (D86)|HMS ''Agincourt'']] led a fleet of search vessels which eventually totalled 24 ships from four nations. The [[Isle of Portland|Portland]] 2nd Training Flotilla which included [[Castle-class corvette|HMS ''Tintagel Castle'']], [[HMS Flint Castle|''Flint Castle'']], {{HMS|Hedingham Castle|K529|2}}, and ASDIC ([[sonar]]) trials vessel ''Helmsdale,'' left Portland. The surface-vessels were joined by the submarines [[HMS Scorcher (P258)|HMS ''Scorcher'']], [[HMS Scythian (P237)|''Scythian'']], and [[HMS Sirdar (P226)|''Sirdar'']], also from Portland. All flew large white flags to distinguish them from the missing ''Affray''. ''Sirdar'' later sat on the bottom for six hours while the ASDIC boats familiarised themselves with the identification of a submarine in this position. The codeword 'SUBMISS' was sent to all ships in the [[NATO]] navies to notify them of the fact the ''Affray'' was missing and all other ''Amphion''-class boats were confined to port pending investigation as to what happened to their missing sister.

There was some urgency in the initial 48 hours of the search as it was estimated the crew would not survive much longer than this if they had survived whatever had sunk the submarine. During the search a [[Morse code]] signal (via tapping on the submarine hull) had been received by two of the searching ships, reading "We are trapped on the bottom", but this did not help in locating the sub.<ref>Goodwin, P (2015) Royal Navy Submarine 1945 to 1973 (A-class - HMS Alliance) Owner's Workshop Manual, Sparkford: Haynes.</ref> Differing accounts however state that a tapping, initially believed to be from the trapped crew, was heard, but after later investigation was ruled by the admiralty to be from other ships involved in the search.<ref>Hennessy, P. and Jinks, J. (2016) The Silent Deep, UK: Penguin.</ref> After three days the search was slowed down and fewer ships were involved.

The disappearance of ''Affray'' became a prominent news item in Britain, and relegated the first events that culminated in the [[Suez Crisis]] to page two of the national newspapers. Rumours abounded of [[mutiny]], and even seizure by the Russians. Meanwhile the Royal Navy continued its search. During the search many strange things happened, including that the wife of a skipper of one of ''Affray'''s sister submarines claimed to have seen a [[ghost]] in a dripping wet submarine officer's uniform telling her the location of the sunken sub (this position later turned out to be correct)<ref>Hamilton-Paterson, James (1992).''Seven-tenths: the sea and its thresholds''. Hutchinson, p. 122. {{ISBN|0571229387}}</ref>— she recognised him as an officer who had died during the Second World War, not a crew member of ''Affray''. As there were so many shipwrecks littering the [[English Channel]] (161 were found, most of them sunk during the Second World War), it was almost two months before ''Affray'' was located.

===Discovery===
[[File:Wreck of Submarine HMS Affray 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Wreck of the ''Affray'', as seen on the television screen on board the salvage vessel]]
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On 14 June the primary search vessel [[HMS Loch Insh|HMS ''Loch Insh'']] made a sonar contact on the very edge of [[Hurds Deep]],<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 41368390|title = Recent Developments in Deep Sea Diving|journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Arts|volume = 103|issue = 4954|pages = 555–573|last1 = Davis|first1 = Robert H.|year = 1955}}</ref> a deep underwater valley in the English Channel. It was the same location where an oil slick had been sighted at the same time ''Affray'' vanished and was in an area that had been searched before. [[HMS Reclaim|HMS ''Reclaim'']] arrived several hours later after an excited call from the Captain of ''Loch Insh'' who, as an ex-submariner was convinced this was ''Affray''. A dive was made down to the contact and the diver reported seeing a long white handrail before being dragged along with the flow of the current. Due to the weather being worse than usual the crew decided to use the underwater camera that they had previously been sceptical of. As soon as it was sent down the very first thing the camera picked up were the letters "YARFFA"—''Affray'' backwards.

The submarine was {{convert|17|mi|km}} northwest of [[Alderney]], a lot closer to [[France]] than [[England]]. She lay slightly to port, facing northeast in {{convert|86|m|ft}} of water. During the next few months she slid a little more to port where she appears to have rested on a roughly 50 degree angle. Divers could find no evidence of collision or damage to the hull, [[Casing (submarine)|casing]] or bridge and it was noted that the search [[periscope]] and ANF radar mast were extended, indicating she had been at periscope depth when she foundered. However, the [[snort mast]] had been broken and lay next to the sub, attached by only a thin shred of metal. The hatches and [[torpedo]] doors were all shut, and the two [[rescue buoy (submarine)|emergency buoy]]s were still located within the casing, although the after one could not have been released as the hinged wooden gratings retaining it had been wired shut (it was later discovered that it had been wired shut because it often broke free whilst the sub was underway). It was obvious that no attempt to escape had been made. The only external clue that the crew had done anything to rectify their dilemma was the bow hydroplanes being set to hard arise; the bridge telegraphs also were in the stop position. The snort mast was the only part of the submarine that was recovered, and it was later found to be of faulty manufacture. This may have contributed to the sinking of ''Affray'' (see below).

==Investigation==
[[File:Affray plaque closeup.JPG|thumb|right|Plaque in Gosport for the submarine Affray, 2012]]
Several reasons have been put forward for the cause of the submarine's sinking.<ref name="JinksHennessy2015"/> The snort mast was broken and lay next to the hull so it was initially thought that this had broken and flooded the submarine. After a detailed inspection of the snort mast itself, which showed no sign of being struck, it was thought more likely that it had been broken when the submarine hit the bottom (the snort mast was later tested and although it was found to be of faulty manufacture, tests indicated it should still have stood up to normal use){{Citation needed|reason=If this is so it contradicts the inquiry finding|date=November 2023}}. The official board of inquiry held the broken snort to be the primary cause of the sinking.<ref name="JinksHennessy2015"/>

However Sir [[Victor Shepheard]], the [[Director of Naval Construction]], disputed the finding.<ref name="JinksHennessy2015"/> Shepheard and others suggested that a [[battery (electricity)|battery]] explosion was also a possibility, owing to the angle at which the ship was resting on the seabed.<ref name="JinksHennessy2015"/>

The Royal Navy tried to scan the interior when ''Affray'' was first discovered, using a primitive radioactive device. This yielded minimal information about the internal condition of the submarine, but it did seem to show that the internal valve for the snort mast was in the open position, which would indicate that at least one compartment flooded and some of the crew had drowned when she first hit the bottom (see [[USS Squalus|USS ''Squalus'']] for a similar situation). During this attempt one of the (pea-sized) X-ray pods was accidentally lost near the sub and the Admiralty decided against further attempts to establish why ''Affray'' sank, mostly due to the various dangers to any divers (one Royal Navy diver lost his life attempting to identify another sunken submarine during the search).<ref name="JinksHennessy2015"/>

A more recent theory put forward by a few experts{{who|date=November 2023}} is that the snort mast dropped below the surface and the float valve (described above) jammed or somehow failed to stop the water entering the sub. With water entering at up to 13&nbsp;tons per minute, this could have caused the submarine to drop rapidly to the bottom. With a reduced crew and the trainees in the way hampering activities, there would have been a delay in stopping the inflow of water. By the time the valve was shut or the flooding compartment that contained the valve sealed off, there would have been so much water aboard that even blowing all her [[Ballast tanks|ballast]] would not have been sufficient to get her to the surface. Or if the flooded compartment/s included the control room, there would have been no one alive to blow ballast. It is also possible, with trainees on board possibly operating systems, that a problem with the clutch caused the ''Affray'' to accelerate into the sea bottom disabling some parts of the submarine that would have helped her rise to the surface.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Wreck==
Almost half a century after the loss, [[Innes McCartney]], an experienced [[Trimix (breathing gas)|trimix]] diver obtained the position of ''Affray'' from the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] and dived to the sunken submarine. He reported:

<blockquote>As we descended down the shotline, a large dark shape emerged from the gloom. Little ambient light penetrates to 83&nbsp;metres even on a good day on the edge of Hurd Deep and it was a while before we recognised the unmistakable shape of a submarine. She is a hugely impressive sight, sitting almost totally clear of a hard seabed, offering in excess of 10&nbsp;metres of relief in places. Our lighting showed that she is now covered with [[Sea sponge|sponges]] and [[Sea anemone|anemones]], offering some welcome colour in the darkness. The first thing that struck me about the wreck was her sheer size. She is one of the largest submarine wrecks in the Channel and a diver is hard pushed to swim all the way around her on a single dive. She lies slightly over on her port side, with her bows pointing Northeast. She is not very heavily [[Fishing net|netted]] with only a few [[Lobster trap|craypots]] caught up around the hull. The wreck is in a very good state of preservation considering the 47 years she has been on the seabed. Her bridge is completely intact with speaking tubes, the projector binnacle and radio aerials all in evidence. On the side of the conning tower her navigation lights are present and the conning tower ladder is still in place. Her periscope shafts stand proudly upright and even the cables that ran between them are still there. Forward of the tower the foredeck is intact with the gun layers hatch clearly visible. I was keen to find the cradle in which the snort mast was located when in use. This was on the port side, aft of the tower and on our second dive on the wreck I found it. The base of the snort mast was still in place, with the area where the mast broke off clearly visible. On a later visit to the [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]], I saw the base of the section of the mast that was raised. They would still fit together perfectly. The fore and aft hydroplanes are still in position and the external torpedo tubes on the bow are a very impressive sight. Aft of the conning tower, there is evidence of the salvage attempts made by the Royal Navy in 1951. The diving team discovered no other damage to the wreck apart from the missing snort mast. This is in accordance with the findings of the Royal Navy's investigation. She remains a significant and salutary reminder of our naval heritage. Very few divers in the UK have the experience and capability to undertake such a dive. This should ensure that the ''Affray'' remains undisturbed for posterity. She is a war grave and the final resting place of 75 naval personnel and this should be respected.<ref>*{{cite book |last1=McCartney |first1=Innes |title=Lost patrols : submarine wrecks of the English Channel |date=2002 |publisher=Periscope |location=Penzance |isbn=978-1-90438-104-4}}</ref></blockquote>

The crew remain entombed in the submarine on the northern edge of Hurd's Deep. As of 2001, under the [[Protection of Military Remains Act 1986]], ''Affray'' was made a controlled site,<ref name="SI2008">{{cite web |title=The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2008 | work=Office of Public Sector Information | url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/uksi_20080950_en_1 | access-date=2008-07-21}}</ref> making it illegal to dive her without a permit from the Ministry of Defence.

==See also==
* [[List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll]]

==References==
<references/>

==Publications==
Gallop, Alan: 'Subsmash - the Mysterious Disappearance of HMS Affray' published by The History Press, 2007
*[http://www.hmsaffray.co.uk/portrait_of_a_disaster.htm Affray Portrait of a disaster]
{{Amphion class submarine}}
{{1951 shipwrecks}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Affray (P421)}}
[[Category:Amphion-class submarines]]
[[Category:1951 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the United Kingdom]]
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Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to HMS Affray (P421).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Affray_(P421)"