Naked Neck
 A Naked Neck rooster, with domestic turkeys in the background. | |
| Conservation status | Study |
|---|---|
| Other names |
|
| Use | dual-purpose breed |
| Traits | |
| Weight | |
| Skin color | yellow |
| Egg color | light brown |
| Comb type | single |
| Classification | |
| APA | all other breeds[2] |
| ABA | single comb clean legged |
| PCGB | rare soft feather: heavy[3] |
| |
The Naked Neck is a breed of chicken that is naturally devoid of feathers on its neck and vent.[1]: 134 The breed is also called the Transylvanian Naked Neck, as well as the Turken. The name "Turken" arose from the mistaken idea that the bird was a hybrid of a chicken and the domestic turkey. Naked Necks are fairly common in Europe today, but are rare in North America and very common in South America. The trait for a naked neck is a dominant one controlled by one gene and is fairly easy to introduce into other breeds,[4] however these are hybrids rather than true Naked Necks, which is a breed recognized by the American Poultry Association since 1965, it was introduced in Britain in the 1920s. There are other breeds of naked necked chicken, such as the French naked neck, which is often confused with the Transylvanian, and the naked necked gamefowl.
Origin
[edit]The origins of the Naked Neck chicken are unclear. A common theory holds that it originated in Asia, where it has long been bred for cockfighting in some countries. It is also depicted in old Japanese paintings.[5] It was eventually introduced to Transylvania (today a part of Romania), where its breeding is documented by the late 19th century.[6] The breed was then introduced to Germany, where it was refined and dispersed to the remainder of Europe and the Americas.[5]
Characteristics
[edit]
Despite its highly unusual appearance, the breed is not particularly known as an exhibition bird, and is a dual-purpose utility chicken. They lay a respectable number of light brown eggs, and are considered desirable for meat production because they need less plucking and they have a meaty body. They are very good foragers and are immune to most diseases. The breed is also reasonably cold hardy despite its lack of feathers. Naked Neck roosters carry a single comb, and the neck and head often become very bright red from increased sun exposure. This breed has approximately half the feathers of other chickens, making it resistant to hot weather and easier to pluck.
Recognized color varieties include: black, white, cuckoo, buff, red, and blue in the United Kingdom[citation needed] and black, white, buff, and red in the United States.[2]
Naked-neck trait
[edit]The naked-neck trait which characterizes this breed is controlled by an incompletely dominant allele (Na) located near the middle of Chromosome 3.[7] Since this allele is dominant, individuals which are either homozygous dominant (Na/Na) or heterozygous (Na/na+) will exhibit the naked-neck characteristic though the heterozygous individual will exhibit less reduction in feathering - true breeding members of the breed must then be homozygous dominant, and all individuals in the recognized breed must be also. Individuals which are homozygous recessive (or wild type feathered) (na+/na+) would not exhibit any feather reduction characteristics of the Naked Necks and, baring mutation, would be unable to pass that trait down.[8]
Scientific studies have indicated that the naked-neck gene (Na) improves breast size and reduces heat stress in chickens of non-broiler breeds which are homozygous for the trait.[9] Additionally, in tropical climates if the naked-neck trait (Na) is bred into broiler strains it has been shown to facilitate lower body temperature, increased body weight gain, better feed conversion ratios and carcass traits compared to normally feathered broilers.[10]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Carol Ekarius (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. ISBN 9781580176675.
- ^ a b APA Recognized Breeds and Varieties: As of January 1, 2012. American Poultry Association. Archived 4 November 2017.
- ^ Breed Classification. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived 12 June 2018.
- ^ Turken Archived 2008-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma State University Breeds of Live Stock
- ^ a b Desta, Takele Taye (March 2021). "The genetic basis and robustness of naked neck mutation in chicken". Tropical Animal Health and Production. 53 (1): 95. doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02505-1. ISSN 0049-4747. PMID 33415443. S2CID 255113935.
- ^ Tibor, Szalay István; Xuan, Kisné Do thi Dong; Györgyi, Virág; Ágnes, Szentes Katalin; László, Bódi (2009). "Prospects for conserving traditional poultry breeds of the Carpathian Basin" (PDF). Animal Welfare, Ethology and Housing Systems. 5 (2): 119–148.
- ^ Chromosome Linkages Poultry Genetics for Exhibition Breeders. Last updated: 13 Nov, 2008.
- ^ Chicken Mutations Poultry Genetics. Poultry Genetics for Exhibition Breeders. Last updated: 13 Nov, 2008.
- ^ Interactions between the naked neck gene, sex, and fluctuating ambient temperature on heat tolerance, growth, body composition, meat quality, and sensory analysis of slow growing meat-type broilers. Livestock Science. Volume 110, Issues 1-2, June 2007, Pages 33-45
- ^ Performance of naked neck versus normally feathered coloured broilers for growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical parameters in tropical climate PATRA B. N. ; BAIS R. K. S. ; PRASAD R. B. ; SINGH B. P. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences: ISSN 1011-2367. 2002, vol. 15, no12, pp. 1776-1783.
- Graham, Chris (2006). Choosing and Keeping Chickens. London: Octopus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7938-0601-0.
- Rossier, Jay (2002). Living with Chickens. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-013-1.