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United Nations General Assembly observers

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(Redirected from Non-member observer state)

The United Nations General Assembly has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, to enable them to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations. The General Assembly determines the privileges it will grant to each observer, beyond those laid down in a 1986 Conference on treaties between states and international organizations.[1] Exceptionally, the European Union (EU) was in 2011 granted the right to speak in debates, to submit proposals and amendments, the right of reply, to raise points of order and to circulate documents, etc. As of May 2011, the EU is the only international organization to hold these enhanced rights, which has been likened to the rights of full membership,[2] short of the right to vote.

Observer status may be granted by a United Nations General Assembly resolution. The status of a permanent observer is based purely on practice of the General Assembly, and there are no provisions for it in the United Nations Charter.[3] The practice is to distinguish between state and non-state observers. Non-member states are members of one or more specialized agencies, and can apply for permanent observer state status.[3] Non-state observers are the international organizations and other entities.

Non-member observers

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The General Assembly may invite non-member entities to participate in the work of the United Nations without formal membership, and has done so on numerous occasions. Such participants are described as observers, some of which may be further classified as non-member state observers. Most former non-member observer states accepted observer status at a time when they had applied for membership but were unable to attain it, due to the actual or threatened veto by one or more of the permanent members of the Security Council. The grant of observer status is made by the General Assembly only; it is not subject to a Security Council veto.

In some circumstances a state may elect to become an observer rather than full member. For example, to preserve its neutrality while participating in its work, Switzerland chose to remain a permanent non-member state observer from 1948 until it became a member in 2002.

Current non-member observers

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Further information: Holy See and the United Nations and Palestine and the United Nations

As of 2019, there are two permanent non-member observer states in the General Assembly of the United Nations: the Holy See and the State of Palestine. Both were described as "Non-Member States having received a standing invitation to participate as Observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining Permanent Observer Missions at Headquarters".[4]

The Holy See uncontroversially obtained its non-member observer state status in 1964. The Holy See did not wish to join the United Nations as a member because "Membership in the organization would not seem to be consonant with the provisions of Article 24 of the Lateran Treaty, particularly as regards spiritual status and participation in possible use of force."[5] Since April 6, 1964, the Holy See has accepted permanent observer state status, which was regarded as a diplomatic courtesy, to enable the Holy See to participate in the UN's humanitarian activities and in the promotion of peace.

In 2012, Palestine's observer status was changed from "non-member observer entity" to "non-member observer state", which many called "symbolic".[6] The change followed an application by Palestine for full UN membership in 2011[7] as part of the Palestine 194 campaign, to provide additional leverage to the Palestinians in their dealings with Israel.[8] The application had not been put to a UN Security Council vote.[9] With the change in status, the United Nations Secretariat held that Palestine was entitled to become a party to treaties for which the UN Secretary-General is the depositary.[10] On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol, Yeocheol Yoon, declared that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents."[11]

The seating in the General Assembly Hall is arranged with non-member observer states being seated immediately after UN member states, and before other observers.[12] On 10 September 2015, the General Assembly resolved to approve the raising at the UN of the flags of non-member observer states alongside those of the 193 UN member states.[13]

Non-Member State[4] Date observer status was granted Additional timeline and details
Vatican City Holy See 6 April 1964: granted permanent observer state status
1 July 2004: gained all the rights of full membership except voting rights, submission of resolution proposals without co-sponsoring, and putting forward candidates (A/RES/58/314)[12] 		The sovereign entity with statehood over the territory of the Vatican City State.
State of Palestine State of Palestine

14 October 1974: the United Nations General Assembly recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the representative of the Palestinian people, and granted it the right to participate in the deliberations of the General Assembly on the question of Palestine in plenary meetings (A/RES/3210 (XXIX))[14]
22 November 1974: non-state observer status granted to the PLO (A/RES/3237 (XXIX))[15]
9 December 1988: granted the right to circulate communications without an intermediary (A/RES/43/160)[16]
15 December 1988: designation changed to "Palestine" (A/RES/43/177)[17]
7 July 1998: granted additional rights, including the right to participate in general debate (A/RES/52/250)[18]
29 November 2012: status changed to non-member observer state (A/RES/67/19):[19][20]
16 October 2018: temporarily granted additional rights while Palestine was Chair of the Group of 77 for 2019 (A/RES/73/5).[21]
10 May 2024: granted additional rights, including being seated with member states, the right to introduce proposals and agenda items, and participate in committees, but not the right to vote (A/ES-10/23).[22]

28 October 1974: PLO recognized as "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people", by states of the seventh Arab summit (and later by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations and by Israel).[23][24][25][26]
22 November 1974: PLO recognized as competent on all matters concerning the question of Palestine by the UN General Assembly in addition to the right of the Palestinian people in Palestine to national independence and sovereignty.
15 November 1988: PLO unilaterally declared the State of Palestine.
4 May 1994: PLO established the Palestinian National Authority territorial administration as result of the Oslo Accords signed by the PLO itself, Israel, United States and Russia.
7 July 1998: PLO has been assigned seating in the General Assembly Hall immediately after non-member States and before the other observers.[18][27]
23 September 2011: State of Palestine applies for UN membership[28]
17 December 2012: UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decides that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents."[29]
Notes

Former non-member observers

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Sixteen former non-member states were also granted observer status.[39][40] Fourteen of those states eventually became members of the United Nations. The other two constitute a single special case.[Note 1]

Most of the former non-member observer states accepted this status at a time when they had applied for membership but were unable to attain it, due to the (actual or threatened) veto of one or more of the permanent members of the Security Council. The vetoes were later overcome either by changes in geopolitical circumstances, or by "package deals" under which the Security Council approved multiple new member states at the same time, as was done with a dozen countries in 1955 and with East and West Germany in 1973.[citation needed]

State Granted Became full member Period
 Austria 1952 1955 3 years
 Bangladesh 1973 1974 1 year
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1973 1991 18 years
Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1975 1977a — [Note 1] 1 year
 Federal Republic of Germany 1952 1973 21 years
 Finland 1952 1955 3 years
 German Democratic Republic 1972 1973 1 year
 Italy 1952 1955 3 years
 Japan 1952 1956 4 years
 Kuwait 1962 1963 1 year
 Monaco 1956 1993 37 years
Republic of Korea 1949 1991 42 years
 Republic of Vietnam 1952 1976 — [Note 1] 24 years
 Spain 1955 1955 0 years
  Switzerland 1946 2002 56 years
 Vietnam 1976 [Note 1] 1977b 1977 1 year
Notes
  1. ^ a b c d On 30 April 1975 South Vietnam was taken over by North Vietnamese forces and on 2 July 1976 it united with North Vietnam to form modern Vietnam, which was granted observer status in 1976. The UN General Assembly resolutions and decisions for the 30th and 31st sessions do not record the decision to grant observer status, but Resolution 31/21 of 26 November 1976 does refer to the "Permanent Observer of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam to the United Nations". Viet Nam became a member of the UN on 20 September 1977.[41]

Entities and international organizations

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Many intergovernmental organizations and a few other entities (non-governmental organizations and others with various degrees of statehood or sovereignty), are invited to become observers at the General Assembly. Some of them maintain a permanent office in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, while others do not; however, this is the choice of the organization and does not imply differences in their status.[42]

Regional organization allowed by their member states to speak on their behalf

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Main article: European Union and the United Nations

While the EU is an observer, it is party to some 50 international UN agreements as the only non-state participant. It is a full participant on the Commission on Sustainable Development, the Forum on Forests and the Food and Agriculture Organization. It has also been a full participant at certain UN summits, such as the Rio and Kyoto summits on climate change, including hosting a summit. Furthermore, the EU delegation maintains close relations with the UN's aid bodies.[43] In 2011 the EU was granted enhanced powers in the General Assembly; the right to speak in debates, to submit proposals and amendments, the right of reply, to raise points of order and to circulate documents. These rights were also made open to other international organizations who requested them,[44][2] if their members have given them the right to speak on their behalf.[45]

In the resolution adopted in May 2011 granting additional rights to the European Union the UNGA decided that similar arrangements may be adopted for any other regional organization that is allowed to speak on behalf of its member states.[45]

Organization or entity Date observer status was granted Entity type
European Union[note 1] 11 October 1974 (A/RES/3208 (XXIX)): observer status
10 May 2011 (A/RES/65/276):[45] additional rights 		The only observer that operates through a hybrid system of intergovernmentalism and supranationalism, giving it some state-like qualities.

Intergovernmental organizations

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Those organizations that have permanent offices at the United Nations headquarters are marked with an asterisk (*).

Organization Date observer status was granted
African Development Bank 28 Oct 1987 (A/RES/42/10)
African Union*
formerly the Organisation of African Unity 		11 Oct 1965 (A/RES/2011(XX))
15 Aug 2002 (General Assembly decision 56/475)
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean 17 Oct 1988 (A/RES/43/6)
Andean Community 22 Oct 1997 (A/RES/52/6)
Arab League, formally the League of Arab States* 1 Nov 1950 (A/RES/477 (V))
ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office 7 Dec 2017 ( A/RES/72/126)
Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization*
formerly the Asian–African Legal Consultative Committee 		13 Oct 1980 ( A/RES/35/2)
Asian Development Bank 19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/30)
Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) 15 Dec 2020 (A/RES/75/149)
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 20 Dec 2018 (A/RES/73/216)
Association of Caribbean States 15 Oct 1998 (A/RES/53/17)[46]
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 4 Dec 2006 (A/RES/61/44)[47]
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)* 17 Oct 1991 (A/RES/46/8)
CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean
formerly the Andean Development Corporation 		14 Dec 2012 (A/RES/67/101)
Central American Bank for Economic Integration 13 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/157)
Central American Integration System (SICA)* 19 Oct 1995 (A/RES/50/2)
Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (CAREC) 22 Dec 2020 (A/RES/75/148)
Central European Initiative 13 Jan 2012 (A/RES/66/111)
Collective Security Treaty Organization 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/50)
Common Fund for Commodities 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/26)
Commonwealth of Independent States 24 Mar 1994 (A/RES/48/237)
Commonwealth Secretariat* 18 Oct 1976 (A/RES/31/3)
Community of Portuguese Language Countries 26 Oct 1999 (A/RES/54/10)
Community of Sahel–Saharan States 12 Dec 2001 (A/RES/56/92)
Conference of Ministers of Justice of the Ibero-American Countries [es] 21 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/153)[48]
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/77)
Council of Europe 17 Oct 1989 (A/RES/44/6)[49]
Developing Eight Countries Organization for Economic Cooperation 18 Dec 2014 (A/RES/69/129)
East African Community 9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/86)
Economic Community of Central African States* 12 Dec 2000 (A/RES/55/161)
Economic Community of Western African States* 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/51)
Economic Cooperation Organization 13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/2)
Energy Charter Conference 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/75)
Eurasian Development Bank 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/76)
Eurasian Economic Union
formerly the Eurasian Economic Community 		9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/84)
Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism [ru] 7 Dec 2017 (A/RES/72/127)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) 14 Dec 2012 (A/RES/67/102)
European Public Law Organization 11 Jan 2019 (A/RES/73/215)
Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean 18 Dec 2017 (A/RES/72/128)
Global Dryland Alliance 22 Dec 2020 (A/RES/75/150)
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 16 Dec 2009 (A/RES/64/122)
Global Green Growth Institute 16 Aug 2013 (A/RES/68/191)
Group of Seven Plus 18 Dec 2019 (A/RES/74/196)
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development 9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/85)
Gulf Cooperation Council* 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/78)
Hague Conference on Private International Law 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/27)
Ibero-American Conference 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/28)
Indian Ocean Commission 4 Dec 2006 (A/RES/61/43)
Indian Ocean Rim Association 18 Dec 2015 (A/RES/70/123)
Inter-American Development Bank 12 Dec 2000 (A/RES/55/160)
International Centre for Migration Policy Development 19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/31)
International Chamber of Commerce* 21 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/156)[50]
International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) 16 Dec 2009 (A/RES/64/123)
International Criminal Court 13 Sep 2004 (A/RES/58/318)[51]
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)* 15 Oct 1996 (A/RES/51/1)
International Development Law Organization* 12 Dec 2001 (A/RES/56/90)
International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS) 11 Dec 2008 (A/RES/63/133)
International Hydrographic Organization 12 Dec 2001 (A/RES/56/91)
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance* 9 Dec 2003 (A/RES/58/83)
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) 18 Dec 2013 (A/RES/68/121)
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan 7 Dec 2017 (A/RES/72/125)
International Organization for Migration 16 Oct 1992 (A/RES/47/4)
International Organization of the Francophonie* 10 Nov 1978 (A/RES/33/18)[52]
18 December 1998 (General Assembly decision 53/453)
International Renewable Energy Agency* 13 Jan 2012 (A/RES/66/110)[53]
International Seabed Authority 24 Oct 1996 (A/RES/51/6)
International Solar Alliance 10 Dec 2021 (A/RES/76/123)[54]
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 17 Dec 1996 (A/RES/51/204)
International Union for Conservation of Nature* 17 Dec 1999 (A/RES/54/195)
International Youth Organization for Ibero-America [es]* 21 Dec 2016 (A/RES/71/154)
Islamic Development Bank Group (IDB) 28 Mar 2007 (A/RES/61/259)
Italian–Latin American Institute 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/74)
Latin American Economic System (SELA) 13 Oct 1980 (A/RES/35/3)
Latin American Integration Association 23 Nov 2005 (A/RES/60/25)
Latin American Parliament 13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/4)
OPEC Fund for International Development 4 Dec 2006 (A/RES/61/42)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)* 15 Oct 1998 (A/RES/53/6)
Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States

formerly the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States

15 Oct 1981 (A/RES/36/4)
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/52)
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation*
formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference 		10 Oct 1975 (A/RES/3369 (XXX))
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 8 Oct 1999 (A/RES/54/5)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/5)
Organization of American States (OAS)* 16 Oct 1948 (A/RES/253 (III))
Pacific Islands Forum 17 Oct 1994 (A/RES/49/1)
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean* 16 Dec 2009 (A/RES/64/124)
Partners in Population and Development* 19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/29)
Permanent Court of Arbitration 13 Oct 1993 (A/RES/48/3)
Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States (RECSA) 6 Dec 2007 (A/RES/62/73)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/48)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/53)
South Centre* 11 Dec 2008 (A/RES/63/131)
Southern African Development Community (SADC) 2 Dec 2004 (A/RES/59/49)
Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) 18 Dec 2015 (ARES/70/124)
Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) 9 Dec 2011 (A/RES/66/484)[55]
University for Peace* 11 Dec 2008 (A/RES/63/132)
World Customs Organization
formerly the Customs Cooperation Council 		23 Mar 1999 (A/RES/53/216)

Other entities

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All five entities are maintaining permanent offices at the United Nations headquarters.

Organization or entity Date observer status was granted
International Committee of the Red Cross 16 Oct 1990 (A/RES/45/6)[56]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 19 Oct 1994 (A/RES/49/2)[57]
Inter-Parliamentary Union 19 Nov 2002 (A/RES/57/32)[58]
International Olympic Committee 20 Oct 2009 (A/RES/64/3)[59]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta 24 Aug 1994 (A/RES/48/265)[60]

Former observers

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Organization or entity Date observer status was granted Entity type
South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) 1976 (A/RES/31/152)[16][61]
 SWAPO, a liberation movement in South West Africa, held observer status with the right to circulate communications without intermediary beginning in 1976. This terminated in 1990[citation needed] when the Republic of Namibia attained independence and was granted full membership in the United Nations and SWAPO was transformed into a political party.

Additionally, in 1974, the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress of Azania were invited as observers "on a regular basis"[62] to subsidiaries of the General Assembly, such as UNCTAD.[63]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Originally under the designation of European Communities. The EC formally became the EU on 1 December 2009 and was acknowledged by 2011.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Robbie Sabel (14 December 2017). Rules of Procedure at the UN and at Inter-Governmental Conferences. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-316-78210-1.
  2. ^ a b Phillips, Leigh (3 May 2011), "EU wins new powers at UN, transforming global body", EU Observer. Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ a b "About Permanent Observers". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Non-Member States". United Nations.
  5. ^ James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 156.
  6. ^ American Society of International Law, 7 December 2012: Legal Implications of the UN General Assembly Vote to Accord Palestine the Status of Observer State Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, by John Cerone
  7. ^ "Ban sends Palestinian application for UN membership to Security Council". United Nations. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017.
  8. ^ CNN, 30 November 2012, U.N. approves Palestinian 'observer state' bid Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ McGreal, Chris (11 November 2011). "UN vote on Palestinian state put off amid lack of support". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  10. ^ O'Brien, Patricia (2013-02-06). "EU Council Working Group on Public International Law – COJUR" (PDF). United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  11. ^ Ali (20 December 2012). "U.N. Adds New Name: "State of Palestine"". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  12. ^ a b United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Resolution 314. Participation of the Holy See in the work of the United Nations A/RES/58/314 2004-07-16. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  13. ^ Anna, Cara; Lederer, Edith (2015-09-11). "UN strongly approves Palestinian proposal to raise flag". AP News. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  14. ^ UNGA, 14 October 1974; Resolution 3210 (XXIX). Invitation to the Palestine Liberation Organization (doc.nr.A/RES/3210 (XXIX)) Archived 3 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 29 Resolution 3237. Observer status for the Palestine Liberation Organization A/RES/3237(XXIX) 1974-11-22. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  16. ^ a b United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution 160. Observer status of national liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and/or by the League of Arab States A/RES/43/160 1988-12-09. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  17. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution 177. Question of Palestine A/RES/43/177 1988-12-15. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  18. ^ a b United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution 250. Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations A/RES/52/250 1998-07-13. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  19. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 67 Resolution 19. Status of Palestine in the United Nations A/RES/67/19 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  20. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations Archived January 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine: "since ... Vote in the United Nations General Assembly which accorded to Palestine Observer State Status, the official title of the Palestine mission has been changed to The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations."
  21. ^ "U.N. allows Palestinians to act more like full member in 2019". Reuters. October 16, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  22. ^ "Admission of new Members to the United Nations : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly". United Nations. 2024-05-10. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  23. ^ Israel-PLO Recognition-Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat-Sept 9- 1993 Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine. Mfa.gov.il (9 September 1993). Retrieved on 25 August 2013.
  24. ^ "At the threshold of peace Mutual recognition ends 3 decades of strife between Israel and PLO ISRAELI-PLO PEACE TALKS". Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  25. ^ Madiha Rashid Al-Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974–1991, Cambridge Middle East Library, Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 0-521-41523-3. p. 21:"On 28 October 1974, the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency."
  26. ^ Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). Isolated states: a comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780521402682.
  27. ^ UN observers: Non-member States and Entities Archived May 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Palestine is listed immediately after non-member States (on the same page) and before the other observers (that are on the next page).
  28. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 66 Agenda item 116. Application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations A/66/371 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  29. ^ Gharib, Ali (20 December 2012). "U.N. Adds New Name: "State of Palestine"". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  30. ^ "Organs Supplement", Repertory of Practice (PDF), UN, p. 10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19
  31. ^ The World today (PDF), UN, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-19
  32. ^ "NZ PM rules out discussion on Cooks UN membership". Radio New Zealand. 2015-06-19. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  33. ^ Lindemann, Björn Alexander (2014). Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations: Taiwan's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 258. ISBN 9783658055271.
  34. ^ Winkler, Sigrid (2012-06-20). "Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be". Washington D.C.: Brookings. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
  35. ^ "U.N. again throws out Taiwan bid for recognition". Reuters. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.: "This time, Taiwan was not applying for membership, just to take part in unspecified U.N. 'activities'."
  36. ^ "Taiwan drops annual U.N. bid as China relations warm". Reuters. 4 February 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  37. ^ "Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties" (PDF). United Nations. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2016-04-25. Hence, instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary.
  38. ^ UN THE WORLD TODAY (PDF) Archived 2015-03-19 at the Wayback Machine showing UN member states (blue), non-member states (green and yellow), non-self-governing territories (red) and the Occupied Palestinian Territory (gray).
  39. ^ Connie L. McNeely (1995). Constructing the nation-state: international organization and prescriptive action. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-313-29398-6. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
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  41. ^ "United Nations Official Document". United Nations. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  42. ^ United Nations http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/INF/63/6&Lang=E Archived 2010-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Description of the European Union Delegation in New York Archived 2010-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, EU Delegation to the UN
  44. ^ Phillips, Leigh (15 July 2010) EU reaches out for new powers at United Nations Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, EU Observer
  45. ^ a b c United Nations General Assembly Session 65 Resolution 276. Participation of the European Union in the work of the United Nations A/RES/65/276 Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  46. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Resolution 5. Observer status for the Association of Caribbean States in the General Assembly A/RES/53/5 Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  47. ^ Sixty-first session of the United Nations General Assembly (2006-12-18). "Observer status for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in the General Assembly : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly". United Nations Digital Library.
  48. ^ "Observer status for the Conference of Ministers of Justice of the Ibero-American Countries in the General Assembly : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly". 21 December 2016.
  49. ^ "A/RES/44/6. Observer status for the Council of Europe in the General Assembly". United Nations. 17 October 1989. Archived from the original on 2006-01-24. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
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  52. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 33 Resolution 18. A/RES/33/18 Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  53. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 66 Resolution 110. A/RES/66/110 Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  54. ^ "Observer Status granted to International Solar Alliance". The Hindu. PTI. 2021-12-10. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
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  57. ^ United Nations General Assembly, Session 49, Resolution 2, Observer status for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in the General Assembly Archived 2017-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 24 February 2017
  58. ^ United Nations General Assembly, Session 57, Resolution 32, Observer status for the Inter-Parliamentary Union in the General Assembly Archived 2017-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 24 February 2017
  59. ^ United Nations General Assembly, Session 64, Resolution 3, Observer status for the International Olympic Committee in the General Assembly Archived 2017-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 24 February 2017
  60. ^ United Nations General Assembly, Session 48, Resolution 265, Observer status for the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the General Assembly
  61. ^ UNGA Resolution A/RES/31/152 Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine Observer status for the South West Africa People's Organization
  62. ^ "A/RES/3280(XXIX)".
  63. ^ "Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Sixth Session, vol. I, Report and Annexes" (PDF).
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