Mark 54 lightweight torpedo

Mark 54 lightweight torpedo
Mark 54 torpedo aboard the USS Ross (DDG-71) in March 2008.
Type	Lightweight ASW torpedo
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	2004–present
Used by	United States Navy Royal Australian Navy Indian Navy Royal Air Force Royal Thai Navy Royal Netherlands Navy
Production history
Designer	Raytheon Systems
Designed	1999
Unit cost	US$839,320 (FY2014)[1]
Produced	2003
Specifications
Mass	608 lb (276 kg)[2]
Length	106.9 in (2.72 m)[2]
Diameter	12.75 in (324 mm)[2]
Warhead	PBXN-103
Warhead weight	96.8 lb (43.9 kg)[2]
Blast yield	238 lb (108 kg) TNT
Engine	Reciprocating external combustion
Propellant	Otto II (liquid)
Operational range	10,000 yd (9.1 km)
Maximum speed	>40 kn (74.1 km/h; 46.0 mph)
Guidance system	Active or passive/active acoustic homing
Launch platform	Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes, ASW Aircraft, RUM-139 VL-ASROC

The Mark 54 lightweight torpedo (formerly known as lightweight hybrid torpedo, or LHT) is a standard 12.75-inch (324 mm) anti-submarine warfare (ASW) torpedo used by the United States Navy.

The Mark 54 was co-developed by Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems and the U.S. Navy under the U.S. Navy's Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo program in response to perceived problems with the extant Mark 50 and Mark 46 torpedoes. The Mk 50, having been developed to counter very high performance nuclear submarines such as the Soviet Alfa class, was seen as too expensive to use against relatively slow conventional submarines. The older Mk 46, designed for open-ocean use, performed poorly in the littoral areas, where the Navy envisioned itself likely to operate in the future.

The Mk 54 was created by combining the homing portion of the Mk 50 and the warhead and propulsion sections of the Mk 46, improved for better performance in shallow water, and with the addition of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology to further reduce costs. It shares much of the software and computer hardware of the Mk 48 ADCAP heavy torpedo, based around a custom PowerPC 603e microprocessor.

Developmental testing began in July 1999, and a successful critical design review was completed in November 1999.

In April 2003, Raytheon was awarded a sole source contract for the production of the Mk 54. Full rate production began in October 2004. In March 2010 the Fifth Fleet requested improvements in the Mk 54's performance against diesel-electric submarines via an Urgent Operational Need Statement (UONS). This led to a software Block Upgrade (BUG) program which began testing in August 2011 and which continues, having been criticised by the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) for using unrealistic proxies for threat submarines.^[3]

The Mk 54 can be fired from surface ships via the Mark 32 surface vessel torpedo tubes or the vertical launch anti-submarine rocket (ASROC) systems, and also from most ASW aircraft, although they are slightly different lengths and weights. The P-8 Poseidon uses the High-Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapons Capability (HAAWC) GPS-guided glide kit to drop torpedoes from high altitude.

The FY14 DOT&E report assessed the Mk 54 (BUG) torpedo as not operationally effective in its intended role: "During operationally challenging and realistic scenarios, the Mk 54 (BUG) demonstrated below threshold performance and exhibited many of the same failure mechanisms observed during the FY 2004 initial operational testing". Shortfalls were also identified with the employing platforms’ tactics and tactical documentation, and interoperability problems with some platform fire control systems.^[4]

 Australia

• Royal Australian Navy - In October 2010, Australia ordered 200 more torpedoes.^[5]
• Royal Australian Air Force - The Mk54 Mod 0 is employed on the P8-A Poseidon by No. 11 Squadron RAAF.^[6]

 Brazil

• Brazilian Navy - In December 2020, the US Department of State approved for $70 million, the sale for Brazil of 22 Mk 54 lightweight torpedo conversion kits for the Mk 46 Mod 5A torpedoes already in operation in the S-70B helicopters of the Brazilian Navy, plus ancillary training, exercise and maintenance spare parts.^[7][8]

 Canada

• Royal Canadian Air Force
• Royal Canadian Navy

In May 2019 Canada requested 425 Mk 54 lightweight torpedo conversion kits, plus ancillary training, exercise and maintenance spare parts. This procurement will allow Canada to upgrade its current inventory of Mk 46 torpedoes. The Mk 54 lightweight torpedoes are expected to be used on the Royal Canadian Navy's Halifax-class frigates, and the Royal Canadian Air Force's CP-140 Aurora aircraft. The torpedoes are also planned to be deployed from the CH-148 maritime helicopters.^[9] On 17 May 2019, the U.S. State Department approved the sale worth US$387 Million (C$514 Million in 2019.) Under Canada's Industrial and Technological Benefits Policy, Canada negotiated an Offset agreement with Raytheon before signing the final deal in order to leverage jobs and economic benefits in Canada.^[10]

 India

• Indian Navy - In June 2011, it was reported that India will get 32 Mk 54 All-Up-Round Lightweight Torpedoes and associated equipment, parts, training and logistical support for an estimated cost of $86 million through U.S. government's Foreign Military Sales program for P-8I LRMP.^[11] In April 2020, Defense Security Cooperation Agency cleared the possible sale of 16 aircraft-launched Mk 54 Lightweight Torpedo all up rounds and 3 Mk 54 Exercise Torpedoes for its additional P-8I fleet at a cost of $63 million.^[12][13] In October 2024, DSCA cleared the possible sale of 53 aircraft-launched MK 54 MOD 0 Lightweight Torpedo all up rounds for its MH-60R "Romeo" fleet and associated equipment and support, including “in-country torpedo training”.^[14]

 Mexico

• Mexican Navy - In early 2018 the U.S. State Department approved the sale of Mark 54 torpedoes to the Mexican Navy, who will deploy them from their new Sigma-class design frigates, the first of which is being jointly built with Dutch shipbuilding company Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding.^[15] In April 2018, the US State Department cleared the sale of an additional 30 Mark 54 torpedoes to the Mexican Navy, which may be carried on MH-60R helicopters, which the Mexican Navy plans to order in the near future.^[16]

 New Zealand

• Royal New Zealand Air Force - Have an undisclosed number with the purchase of the P-8A. It was known that the upgrade from the Mk 46 was going to happen via the "Defence Capability Plan 2019" and was stated in the RNZAF News (Page 25) ^[17] that weapons was the Mark 54 Torpedo. It is unknown whether the Royal New Zealand Navy have replaced their Mk46 at this stage.

 Netherlands

• Royal Netherlands Navy - In 2018 the Royal Netherlands Navy acquired MK 54 torpedoes via the Foreign Military Sales process.

 United Kingdom

• Royal Air Force - In January 2018 it was announced that the P-8 Poseidon aircraft to be operated by the RAF will carry the Mk 54.^[18]

 United States

• United States Navy

 Germany

• German Navy - In 2020 it was announced that the German Navy ordered 64 Weapons for use with its P-3 Orion Aircraft.^[19]

• APR-3E torpedo - Russian equivalent
• A244-S - Italian equivalent
• MU90 Impact - French/Italian equivalent
• Sting Ray (torpedo) - British equivalent
• TAL Shyena - Indian equivalent
• Yu-7 torpedo - Chinese equivalent
• K745 Chung Sang Eo - South Korean equivalent
• Type 97 light weight torpedo (G-RX4) - Japanese equivalent
• Torped 47 — Swedish equivalent

• MK-54 Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo via FAS
• MK-54 at deagel.com