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Idiosepiidae

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Idiosepiidae
Idiosepius pygmaeus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Superorder: Decapodiformes
Order: Idiosepida
Superfamily: Idiosepioidea
Appellöf, 1898
Family: Idiosepiidae
Appellöf, 1898[1]

Idiosepiidae, also known as the pygmy squids, is a family of squids in the superorder Decapodiformes.[2][3] They are the smallest known squids.[3]

It is the only family in the monotypic order Idiosepida[4] and the monotypic superfamily Idiosepioidea.[5] Phylogenomic analyses have shown that species in the family Idiosepiidae are sister to all other Decapodiformes.[6]

Description

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Idiosepiidae are the smallest known squids: males can grow to about 15 mm (0.6 in) and females to about 21 mm (0.8 in) in mantle length. The mantle is elongate, obovate to cigar-shaped, with its posterior margin bluntly pointed at the distal tip. Their internal chitinous shell is vestigial, and the dorsal surface of the mantle has a unique oval adhesive organ, which secretes a sticky substance and is used to attach itself to seaweed or seagrass blades.[7] The head is prominent while the arms are short. In males, both ventral arms are differentiated, but they are also different from each other.[3] Females are generally larger and achieve sexual maturity later than males.[8]

Distribution and ecology

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Idiosepiidae have an Indo-west Pacific distribution, from South Africa in the west to Japan and Russia in the east.[3] They appear to be short-lived and have multiple generations per year. In temperate climates their population declines at the end of the warm season.[8] They generally live in shallow water among seagrass and mangroves. They often adhere themselves to substrate, enabling camouflage and concealment during the day. They are solitary. Mating is promiscuous with multiple matings. Young individuals are planktonic. They appear to be sit-and-wait predators.[3] They feed mainly on small crustaceans like Latreutes acicularis.[8]

Genera

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The following genera are recognised in the family Idiosepiidae:[2]

References

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  1. ^ Appellöf, A. (1898). "Cephalopoden von Ternate. 2. Untersuchungen über Idiosepius, Sepiadarium und verwandte Formen. Ein Beitrag zur Beleuchtung der Heklokotylisation und ihrer systematischen Bedeutung". Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 24 (4): 570–637.
  2. ^ a b Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Idiosepiidae Appellöf, 1898". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e Reid, Amanda L. & Strugnell, Jan M. (2018). "A new pygmy squid, Idiosepius hallami n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from eastern Australia and elevation of the southern endemic 'notoides' clade to a new genus, Xipholeptos n. gen". Zootaxa. 4369 (4): 451–486. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4369.4.1. PMID 29689867.
  4. ^ Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Idiosepida". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  5. ^ Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Idiosepioidea Appellöf, 1898". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  6. ^ Anderson, Frank E.; Lindgren, Annie R. (2021-03-01). "Phylogenomic analyses recover a clade of large-bodied decapodiform cephalopods". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 156: 107038. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107038. ISSN 1055-7903.
  7. ^ Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Volum 17
  8. ^ a b c Kasugai, Takashi; Segawa, Susumu (2005). "LIFE CYCLE OF THE JAPANESE PYGMY SQUID IDIOSEPIUS PARADOXUS (CEPHALOPODA: IDIOSEPIIDAE) IN THE ZOSTERA BEDS OF THE TEMPERATE COAST OF CENTRAL HONSHU, JAPAN". Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Res. Bull. (66): 249–258.
  9. ^ Amanda Reid, Noriyosi Sato, Jeffrey Jolly & Jan Strugnell. 2023. Two New Pygmy Squids, Idiosepius kijimuna n. sp. and Kodama jujutsu n. gen., n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Marine Biology. 170: 167. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-023-04305-1
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