Xenosauridae

Xenosauridae; Temporal range: Aptian–Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Xenosaurus platyceps
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Clade:	Carusioidea
Family:	Xenosauridae; Cope, 1886
Genera
	†Exostinus; †Restes; Xenosaurus; †Xenostius; †Blutwurstia;

Xenosauridae is a family of anguimorph lizards whose only living representative is the genus Xenosaurus, which is native to Central America. Xenosauridae also includes the extinct genera Exostinus and Restes. Also known as knob-scaled lizards, they have rounded, bumpy scales and osteoderms. Most living species prefer humid, rocky habitats, although they are widespread within their native regions, with some inhabiting semi-arid scrub environments. They are carnivorous or insectivorous, and give birth to live young.^[1]

Shinisaurus, the Chinese crocodile lizard, was once also regarded as a member of Xenosauridae, but most recent studies of the evolutionary relationships of anguimorphs consider Shinisaurus to be more closely related to monitor lizards and helodermatids than to Xenosaurus.^[2] Xenosauridae is part of a larger clade or evolutionary grouping called Carusioidea, which, in addition to xenosaurids, includes the extinct genus Carusia.^[3]

The oldest xenosaurids are known from the Cretaceous, including the Late Cretaceous of North America^[4] and Early Cretaceous of Asia.^[5]

References

^ Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
^ Bhullar, B. A. S. (2011). "The Power and Utility of Morphological Characters in Systematics: A Fully Resolved Phylogeny of Xenosaurus and Its Fossil Relatives (Squamata: Anguimorpha)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 160 (3): 65–181. doi:10.3099/0027-4100-160.3.65. S2CID 86328454.
^ Conrad, J. L.; Ast, J. C.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M. A. (2011). "A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata)". Cladistics. 27 (3): 230–277. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x. PMID 34875778. S2CID 84301257.
^ Parks, Riley; Harrington, Sean M.; Thomson, Robert C. (2022-09-26). "Divergence Dating and Biogeography of Xenosauridae Including Fossils as Terminal Taxa". Journal of Herpetology. 56 (3). doi:10.1670/21-068. ISSN 0022-1511.
^ Alifanov, V. R. (March 2019). "Lizards of the Families Dorsetisauridae and Xenosauridae (Anguimorpha) from the Aptian–Albian of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 53 (2): 183–193. doi:10.1134/S0031030119020023. ISSN 0031-0301.

External links

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[EoR-1] Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.

[BBS11-2] Bhullar, B. A. S. (2011). "The Power and Utility of Morphological Characters in Systematics: A Fully Resolved Phylogeny of Xenosaurus and Its Fossil Relatives (Squamata: Anguimorpha)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 160 (3): 65–181. doi:10.3099/0027-4100-160.3.65. S2CID 86328454.

[CAMN11-3] Conrad, J. L.; Ast, J. C.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M. A. (2011). "A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata)". Cladistics. 27 (3): 230–277. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x. PMID 34875778. S2CID 84301257.

[4] Parks, Riley; Harrington, Sean M.; Thomson, Robert C. (2022-09-26). "Divergence Dating and Biogeography of Xenosauridae Including Fossils as Terminal Taxa". Journal of Herpetology. 56 (3). doi:10.1670/21-068. ISSN 0022-1511.

[5] Alifanov, V. R. (March 2019). "Lizards of the Families Dorsetisauridae and Xenosauridae (Anguimorpha) from the Aptian–Albian of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 53 (2): 183–193. doi:10.1134/S0031030119020023. ISSN 0031-0301.

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