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Fort Myers, Florida

Coordinates: 26°37′N 81°50′W / 26.617°N 81.833°W / 26.617; -81.833
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Fort Myers, Florida
City
Sidney and Berne Davis Art Museum in downtown Fort Myers
Sidney and Berne Davis Art Museum in downtown Fort Myers
Official seal of Fort Myers, Florida
Seal
Motto: 
"City of Palms"
Location in Lee County, Florida
Location in Lee County, Florida
Fort Myers is located in Florida
Fort Myers
Fort Myers
Fort Myers is located in the United States
Fort Myers
Fort Myers
Coordinates: 26°37′N 81°50′W / 26.617°N 81.833°W / 26.617; -81.833[1]
Country United States
State Florida
CountyLee
FoundedMarch 24, 1885; 139 years ago (March 24, 1885)
IncorporatedAugust 12, 1885; 139 years ago (August 12, 1885)[2]
Government
 • TypeCouncil–Manager
 • MayorKevin B. Anderson
 • CouncilmembersTeresa Watkins Brown,
Fred Burson,
Darla Bonk,
Liston “Lin” Bochette, III,
Terolyn Watson, and
Johnny W. Streets, Jr.
 • City ManagerMarty K. Lawing
Area
[3]
 • Total49.04 sq mi (127.00 km2)
 • Land39.84 sq mi (103.19 km2)
 • Water9.20 sq mi (23.81 km2)
Elevation
[4]
10 ft (3 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total86,395
 • Estimate 
(2022)[5]
95,949
 • Rank370th in country (as of 2021)[5]
 • Density2,168.44/sq mi (837.24/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
33901-33903, 33905-33908, 33912-33913, 33916-33919, 33965-33967, 33993-33994
Area code239
FIPS code12-24125[6]
GNIS feature ID0282700[4]
Websitecityftmyers.com

Fort Myers (or Ft. Myers) is a city in and the county seat[7] of Lee County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 86,395; it was estimated to have grown to 95,949 in 2022, making it the 25th-most populous city in Florida.[5] Together with the larger and more residential city of Cape Coral, it anchors the Cape Coral–Fort Myers metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Lee County and has a population of 834,573 as of 2023.

Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within the state. The winter estates of Thomas Edison ("Seminole Lodge") and Henry Ford ("The Mangoes") are major attractions.[8] The city takes its name from a local former fort that was built during the Seminole Wars. The fort in turn took its name from Colonel Abraham Myers in 1850; Myers served in the United States Army, mostly the Quartermaster Department, in various posts from 1833 to 1861 and was the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army from 1861 to 1864.[9][10][2]

Fort Myers has substantial African American and Latin American populations. Centennial Park downtown along the Caloosahatchee River, the IMAG History & Science Center, Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium, and other historical sites are among the attractions.

History

[edit]

According to some historians, the Calusa capital was located near Fort Myers.[11] Following European contact, Spain had colonial influence in Florida, succeeded by Great Britain and lastly the United States.

Seminole Wars

[edit]
Blockhouse at Fort Myers

During the Second Seminole War, between 1835 and 1842, the U.S. Army operated Fort Dulaney at Punta Rassa, at the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River. When a hurricane destroyed Fort Dulaney in October 1841, army operations were moved up the Caloosahatchee River to a site named Fort Harvie.[12][13] Fort Harvie was abandoned in 1842, as the Second Seminole War wound down. After a white trader was killed by Seminoles on the Peace River in 1849, the Army returned to the Caloosahatchee River in 1850.

Major David E. Twiggs, then stationed at Fort Brooke (present day-Tampa), gave orders for two companies of artillery to "select a suitable place for the establishment of a post and immediately throw up such light works as may secure [their] stores, and remove from the Indians any temptation to which [their] isolated position may give rise."[14] The new Fort Myers was built on the burned ruins of Fort Harvie.[15]

The fort was named for Brevet Colonel Abraham Charles Myers, quartermaster for the Army's Department of Florida and future son-in-law of Major Twiggs.[16] It covered about 139 acres (56 ha), and soon had 57 buildings, including a two-story blockhouse that was pictured in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, and a 1,000-foot-long (300 m) wharf at which ships could dock. Irvin Solomon notes that Fort Myers was described "as 'one of the finest and largest' forts of the Seminole Wars". It was abandoned in 1858, at the end of the Third Seminole War.[17]

Civil War

[edit]

During the American Civil War, Confederate blockade runners and cattle ranchers were based in Fort Myers. These settlers prospered through trading with the Seminole and Union soldiers.[18]

The United States Army set up a camp on Useppa Island, near the entrance to Charlotte Harbor, in December 1863. It was intended as a place from which to recruit Union sympathizers and Confederate deserters and conscription-evaders and to raid into the interior and interfere with Confederate efforts to round up cattle for supply to the Confederate Army.[19] After some probes along the Peace and Myakka rivers, which had mixed results, operations were moved to the mainland.[20] Troops from the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Regiment of Florida Rangers, later reorganized as the 2nd Florida Cavalry Regiment, left Key West, Florida for Fort Myers early in January 1864. The Union soldiers reached Fort Myers quickly enough to capture three Confederate sympathizers before they could act on orders to burn the fort to keep it out of Union hands. Beyond the principal cause for occupying the fort of providing support for Union sympathizers and local residents disaffected with Confederate taxation and conscription, the fort provided access to the large cattle herds in southern Florida, support for the blockade of the southwest Florida coast being conducted by the U.S. Navy, and a haven for any escaped slaves in the area.[21]

In April 1864, after the troops from the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment had been transferred to Louisiana, Companies D and I of the 2nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment were transferred from Key West to Fort Myers, and remained at the fort until it was abandoned.[22] Company G of the regiment had also been sent to Fort Myers by early May. [23] Solomon argues that Brevet Brigadier General Daniel Phineas Woodbury, commandant of the District of Key West and the Tortugas, intended that action to be an irritant to the Confederacy. The presence of the black soldiers, who made up the majority of troops used in raids into Confederate territory, played on Confederate fears of armed blacks. It was reported that Woodbury took pleasure in placing a "prickly pear cactus under the Confederate saddle".[24]

By the spring of 1864, Fort Myers was protected by a 500-foot-long (150 m) breastwork, 7 feet (2.1 m) high and 15 feet (4.6 m) wide, extending in an arc around the land side of the fort. The Seminole War-era blockhouse had been repaired and another two-story blockhouse built. The fort was soon harboring more than 400 civilians and Confederate army deserters. Many of the white men enlisted in the 2nd Florida Union Cavalry. Although designated as cavalry, the members of the regiment stationed at Fort Myers were never mounted. Escaped slaves that came to the fort were recruited into the 2nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment.[25]

The Union achieved control of the full length of the Mississippi River after the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863. The Confederate Army then became dependent on Florida for most of its supply of beef. By the end of 1863 between 1,000 and 2,000 head of cattle were being shipped to the Confederate Army from Florida every week.[26]

As 1864 progressed, Union troops and sympathizers began driving cattle to Punta Rassa to supply Union ships on blockade duty and Union-held Key West, reducing the supply of cattle available to Confederate forces. The increased shipping from Punta Rassa led the Union Army to build a barracks and a wharf there.[27] By one Confederate estimate, the Union shipped 4,500 head of cattle from Punta Rassa.[28]

The Battle of Fort Myers was fought on February 20, 1865, in Lee County, Florida, during the last months of the American Civil War. This small engagement is known as the "southernmost land battle of the Civil War."[29] However, see Battle of Palmito Ranch.

Settlement and founding

[edit]

The Fort Myers community was founded after the American Civil War by Captain Manuel A. Gonzalez on February 21, 1866.[30][31] Captain Gonzalez was familiar with the area as a result of his years of service delivering mail and supplies to the Union Army at the fort during the Seminole Indian Wars and Civil War.[30][31]

When the U.S. government abandoned the fort following the Civil War, Gonzalez sailed from Key West to found the community.[30][31][32] Three weeks later, Joseph Vivas and his wife, Christianna Stirrup Vivas, arrived with Gonzalez's wife, Evalina, and daughter Mary.[33]

Gonzalez settled his family near the abandoned Fort Myers, where he began the area's first trading post. He traded tobacco, beads, and gunpowder, and sold otter, bobcat, and gator hide to the neighboring Seminole.[18] A small community began to form around the trading post.

In the late 19th century, northerners began to travel to Florida in the winter. Some saw development opportunities. In 1881, the wealthy industrialist Hamilton Disston of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, came to the Caloosahatchee Valley. He planned to dredge and drain the Everglades for development. Diston connected Lake Okeechobee with the Caloosahatchee River; this allowed steamboats to run from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Okeechobee and up the Kissimmee River.[18]

On August 12, 1885, the small town of Fort Myers—all 349 residents—was incorporated. At that time, it was the second-largest town on Florida's Gulf Coast south of Cedar Key.[2]

In 1885, inventor Thomas Alva Edison was cruising Florida's west coast and stopped to visit Fort Myers.[2] He soon bought 13 acres along the Caloosahatchee River in town. There he built his home "Seminole Lodge", as a winter retreat. It included a laboratory for his continuing work. After the lodge was completed in 1886, Edison and his wife, Mina, spent many winters in Fort Myers. Edison also enjoyed local recreational fishing, for which Fort Myers had gained a national reputation.[34]

Despite an initial offer by Edison to light the town, on New Year's Day in 1898 Fort Myers was first electrified by the Seminole Canning Company, a local company that canned and preserved fruit.[35][36]

In 1898, the Royal Palm Hotel was constructed. This luxury hotel attracted tourists and established Fort Myers nationally as a winter resort destination.[37]

20th century

[edit]

On May 10, 1904, access to the Fort Myers area was greatly improved with the opening of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, connecting Punta Gorda to Fort Myers. This route provided Lee County both passenger and freight railroad service.[38] The arrival of the railroad, however, also led to greater segregation in Fort Myers. With the railroad came the need for more unskilled labor and the arrival of a more uneducated workforce, compared to many African Americans who had already resided in town, some of whom had been tradespersons, vendors, and landowners. These more middle-class black citizens, as well as the new African-American laborers, were increasingly pressured to move to the segregated area that would become known as Safety Hill. This area of town, as can be seen by contemporary photographs, had a lower quality of houses and street surfaces.[39] The area, now known as Dunbar, is still highly segregated from the rest of Fort Myers.[40]

In 1907, the Seminole tribes' Federal Agency headquarters was relocated to Fort Myers. It remained there until 1913.[41]

In 1908, the Arcade Theater was constructed in Downtown Fort Myers. Originally a vaudeville house, Edison viewed films here for the first time with friends Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone.[42] With the growth of the film industry, the Arcade Theatre was converted into a full movie house. A wall divided the stage in order to form two screening rooms. Changes in moviegoing habits since the late 20th century have led to the renovation of the theater for use again in live performance. It is now host to the Florida Repertory Theatre, a performing arts hall.

During World War I, Edison became concerned about America's reliance on foreign supplies of rubber. He partnered with tire producer Harvey Firestone (of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company) and Henry Ford (of the Ford Motor Company) to try to find a rubber tree or plant that could grow quickly in the United States. He sought one that would contain enough latex to support his research endeavor. In 1927, the three men contributed $25,000 each, and created the Edison Botanic Research Corporation in an attempt to find a solution to this problem.[2] In 1928, the Edison Botanic Research Corporation laboratory was constructed. It was in Fort Myers that Edison conducted the majority of his research and planted exotic plants and trees. He sent results and sample rubber residues to West Orange, New Jersey, for further work at his large Thomas A. Edison "Invention Factory" (now preserved in the Thomas Edison National Historical Park). Through Edison's efforts, the royal palms lining Riverside Avenue (now McGregor Boulevard) were imported and planted. They inspired Fort Myers' nickname as "City of Palms".[2]

After testing around 17,000 plant samples, Edison eventually discovered a source in the goldenrod plant (Solidago leavenworthii). The rubber project was transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture five years later.[2]

The Mangoes: Henry Ford's winter home

In 1916, automobile magnate Ford purchased the home next to Edison's from Robert Smith of New York. Ford named his estate "the Mangoes". Ford's craftsman-style "bungalow" was built in 1911 by Smith. Ford, Firestone, and Edison were leaders in American industry and part of an exclusive group titled "the Millionaires' Club". The three men have been memorialized in statues in downtown Fort Myers' Centennial Park.

In 1924, with the beginning of construction of the Edison Bridge, named for Edison, the city's population steadily grew. The bridge was opened on February 11, 1931, the 84th birthday of its namesake. Edison dedicated the bridge, and was the first to drive across it.

S. H. Kress & Co. building in downtown Fort Myers

In the decade following the bridge's construction, the city had a real estate boom. Several new residential subdivisions were built beyond downtown, including Dean Park, Edison Park, and Seminole Park.[34] Edison Park, located across McGregor Boulevard from the Edison and Ford properties, includes a number of Fort Myers' most stately homes.[43] The population of Fort Myers City had been 575 citizens in 1890. By 1930, it had climbed to 9,082.[44]

In 1947, Mina Edison deeded Seminole Lodge to the city of Fort Myers, in memory of her late husband and for the enjoyment of the public. By 1988, the adjacent Henry Ford winter estate was purchased by the city and opened for public tours in 1990. The combined properties today are known as the Edison and Ford Winter Estates.

Hurricane Ian

[edit]

Fort Myers suffered catastrophic damage from Hurricane Ian on September 28, 2022.[45]

Geography and climate

[edit]

The approximate coordinates for the City of Fort Myers is located at 26°37′N 81°50′W / 26.617°N 81.833°W / 26.617; -81.833.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 40.4 square miles (105 km2), of which 31.8 square miles (82 km2) is land and 8.6 square miles (22 km2) (21.25%) is water.

Fort Myers has a tropical monsoon climate (Am).

The temperature rarely rises to 100 °F (38 °C) or lowers to the freezing mark.[46] Rainfall averages just over 57 inches per year, strongly concentrated during the rainy season (June to September) with its frequent showers and thunderstorms; on average, these four months deliver 67 percent of annual rainfall. From October to May, average monthly rainfall is less than 3.5 inches. In years with drier than average conditions from winter into mid-spring, drought can develop, and brush fires can be a significant threat. Reflecting the June to September wet season, Fort Myers has 89 days annually in which a thunderstorm is close enough for thunder to be heard, the most in the nation.[47]

The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 64.7 °F (18.2 °C) in January to 83.4 °F (28.6 °C) in August, with the annual mean being 75.4 °F (24.1 °C).

Records range from 24 °F (−4 °C) on December 29, 1894 up to 103 °F (39 °C) on June 16–17, 1981.

Climate data for Fort Myers, Florida (Page Field), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1892–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 88
(31) 		92
(33) 		94
(34) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		103
(39) 		101
(38) 		100
(38) 		98
(37) 		95
(35) 		95
(35) 		91
(33) 		103
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 84.6
(29.2) 		85.7
(29.8) 		88.0
(31.1) 		91.3
(32.9) 		94.8
(34.9) 		96.0
(35.6) 		95.8
(35.4) 		95.5
(35.3) 		94.1
(34.5) 		91.7
(33.2) 		87.9
(31.1) 		85.1
(29.5) 		96.7
(35.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 75.0
(23.9) 		78.0
(25.6) 		81.1
(27.3) 		85.3
(29.6) 		89.5
(31.9) 		91.0
(32.8) 		91.6
(33.1) 		91.7
(33.2) 		90.0
(32.2) 		86.6
(30.3) 		81.3
(27.4) 		77.3
(25.2) 		84.9
(29.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 64.7
(18.2) 		67.3
(19.6) 		70.3
(21.3) 		74.8
(23.8) 		79.3
(26.3) 		82.3
(27.9) 		83.2
(28.4) 		83.4
(28.6) 		82.2
(27.9) 		78.0
(25.6) 		71.5
(21.9) 		67.3
(19.6) 		75.4
(24.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 54.3
(12.4) 		56.6
(13.7) 		59.6
(15.3) 		64.3
(17.9) 		69.1
(20.6) 		73.6
(23.1) 		74.7
(23.7) 		75.1
(23.9) 		74.3
(23.5) 		69.4
(20.8) 		61.8
(16.6) 		57.3
(14.1) 		65.8
(18.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 38.1
(3.4) 		41.5
(5.3) 		45.5
(7.5) 		53.5
(11.9) 		61.2
(16.2) 		69.5
(20.8) 		71.5
(21.9) 		72.3
(22.4) 		70.4
(21.3) 		57.8
(14.3) 		49.1
(9.5) 		43.0
(6.1) 		36.4
(2.4)
Record low °F (°C) 27
(−3) 		27
(−3) 		33
(1) 		39
(4) 		50
(10) 		58
(14) 		66
(19) 		65
(18) 		63
(17) 		45
(7) 		34
(1) 		24
(−4) 		24
(−4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.43
(62) 		1.78
(45) 		2.07
(53) 		2.44
(62) 		3.46
(88) 		9.66
(245) 		9.38
(238) 		10.43
(265) 		9.00
(229) 		3.08
(78) 		1.78
(45) 		1.90
(48) 		57.41
(1,458)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.8 5.1 5.0 5.0 8.1 16.7 18.5 18.4 15.8 7.7 4.3 5.4 115.8
Source: NOAA[48][49]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1890575—
190094364.0%
19102,463161.2%
19203,67849.3%
19309,082146.9%
194010,60416.8%
195013,19524.4%
196022,52370.7%
197027,35121.4%
198036,63834.0%
199045,20623.4%
200048,2086.6%
201062,29829.2%
202086,39538.7%
2022 (est.)95,949[5]11.1%
source:[50]
Fort Myers, Florida – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[51] Pop 2010[52] Pop 2020[53] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White (NH) 23,700 27,786 41,044 49.16% 44.60% 47.51%
Black or African American (NH) 15,751 19,495 18,891 32.67% 31.29% 21.87%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 115 142 135 0.24% 0.23% 0.16%
Asian (NH) 453 946 2,085 0.94% 1.52% 2.41%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) 24 30 16 0.05% 0.05% 0.02%
Some other race (NH) 128 459 666 0.05% 0.27% 0.77%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 1,053 1,002 3,157 2.18% 1.61% 3.65%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 6,984 12,438 20,401 14.49% 19.97% 23.61%
Total 48,208 62,298 86,395 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Fort Myers is one of two cities that make up the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area of Lee County. The 2020 population for the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in 2020 was 760,822, and it was the 73rd highest populated MSA in the US, as of 2020.

The population of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples, FL Combined Statistical Area in 2020 was 1,188,319, and it was the 47th highest populated combined statistical area (CSA) in the US, as of 2020.

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 86,395 people, 31,598 households, and 18,313 families residing in the city.[54]

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 62,298 people, 24,352 households, and 14,192 families residing in the city.[55]

Government

[edit]
Fort Myers Police Department

Fort Myers has a council–manager government in which the city council consists of a mayor and six council members. The city council is responsible for establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision for the city. The mayor is elected by registered voters city-wide. The mayor of Fort Myers is Kevin B. Anderson. Council members are elected by registered voters in their ward and represent that particular ward for a four-year term. Council members must continue to reside in that particular ward.[56]

Policing of Fort Myers is performed by the Fort Myers Police Department.

Education

[edit]

Secondary schools

[edit]
Bishop Verot Catholic High School

See: Lee County School District for other public schools in the area.

Secondary schools in the city include:

Higher education

[edit]

Institutions of higher learning in the city include:

Libraries

[edit]

Library Services include:

  • Fort Myers Regional Library: The Fort Myers Regional Library is the hub for the Lee County Library System, holding the main collections of legal, business, news, and financial information. The library is located in downtown Fort Myers.[61]
  • Dunbar-Jupiter Hammon Public Library: The library opened on October 7, 1974. The founders named the library in honor of the first African poet to have his work published, Jupiter Hammon. Dunbar, the community's name, was added at the request of its residents. The library was moved in 1996 to its current location on Blount Street. It is home to the largest African-American book collection in southwest Florida.[62]

Sports

[edit]

The City of Palms Classic is an annual high school basketball tournament held in Fort Myers since 1973. By 2015, 120 players that had participated in the tournament had been named McDonald's All-Americans and 94 had been drafted into the NBA.[63]

The Florida Eels is a Tier III junior hockey program in the USPHL with two teams; one in the Premier Division and one in the Elite Division. Both teams have performed well in their regular season and playoffs, advancing to Nationals on multiple occasions. The Fort Myers Skatium is their home rink.[64]

JetBlue Park is the spring training home of the Boston Red Sox.[65] During the summer, JetBlue Park is home of the Florida Complex League Red Sox, the Red Sox's rookie league team competing in the Florida Complex League.[66]

Points of interest

[edit]
Murphy-Burroughs House

Public transportation

[edit]

Airports

[edit]

The Fort Myers metropolitan area is served by two nearby airports. Southwest Florida International Airport (RSW) is located southeast of the city. The airport, which sits on 13,555 acres of land, is the 45th busiest airport in the United States (by annual passengers). In 2018 the airport served 9,373,178 passengers. Page Field is a small general aviation airport whose primary traffic consist of smaller aircraft.

Ground transport

[edit]

Buses run by LeeTran provide local service in Fort Myers.[68]

[edit]

In film

[edit]
  • The abandoned city scene with the Edison Theatre, from the movie Day of the Dead (1985) was filmed in downtown Fort Myers.[69]
  • Some courthouse and other "city" scenes in Just Cause (1995) were filmed in downtown Fort Myers.[70]
  • Part of the independent film Trans (1999) was filmed in Fort Myers.[71]
  • The animated film Leo (2023) is set in Fort Myers, with one of the main locations in the film being the fictional Fort Myers Elementary School.[72]

In print

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Present

[edit]

Past

[edit]

Sister cities

[edit]

Fort Myers has a sister city agreement with:

Notes

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "The History of Fort Myers - Greater Fort Myers Chamber of Commerce". Fortmyers.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  3. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2021 Population: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021, United States Census Bureau, May 2022. Accessed December 1, 2022.
  6. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  7. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. ^ "Southwest Florida Visitor Center". Swflvisitor.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  9. ^ "The History of Downtown Fort Myers". Downtown Fort Myers. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
  10. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 129.
  11. ^ Brown, Robin (1994). Florida's First People. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 159. ISBN 9781561640324.
  12. ^ McCarthy, Kevin M. (2014). Caloosahatchee River Guidebook. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781561646531.
  13. ^ Dibble, Ernest F. (Fall 1999). "Giveaway Forts: Territorial Forts and the Settlement of Florida". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 78 (2): 207–233. JSTOR 30149384.
  14. ^ Grismer, Karl (1949). The Story of Fort Myers. St. Petersburg Print Co. Retrieved from https://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0036423/00001/58j Archived October 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, pg. 60
  15. ^ Sustar, Pamela (2008). Historic Lee County: The Story of Fort Myers & Southwest Florida. San Antonio, Texas: Historical Publishing Network. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781893619876. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  16. ^ Grismer, pg. 60
  17. ^ Solomon 1993, pp. 129–32.
  18. ^ a b c "Fort Myers Florida History". Fortmyers-online.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  19. ^ Taylor, Paul (2001). Discovering the Civil War in Florida. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press Inc. p. 193. ISBN 9781561642342.
  20. ^ Dillon 1984, pp. 317–19, 324–25.
  21. ^ Solomon 1993, pp. 133, 134, 136.
  22. ^ Solomon 1993, pp. 133–34.
  23. ^ Buker 1993, p. 139.
  24. ^ Solomon 1993, pp. 133–34, 143.
  25. ^ Solomon 1993, pp. 136–37, 160.
  26. ^ Solomon 1993, pp. 140–141.
  27. ^ Dillon 1984, p. 329.
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General and cited sources

[edit]
  • Buker, George E. (1993). Blockaders, Refugees, & Contrabands: Civil War on Florida's Gulf Coast, 1861-1865. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-1296-X.
  • Dillon, Rodney E. Jr. (January 1984). ""The Little Affair": The Southwest Florida Campaign, 1863–1864". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 62 (3): 314–31. JSTOR 30146289.
  • Solomon, Irvin D. (October 1993). "Southern Extremities: The Significance of Fort Myers in the Civil War". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 72 (2): 129–152.
[edit]
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