Danger zone (food safety)

Food safety
Terms
Foodborne illness Good manufacturing practice (GMP) Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC) Critical control point
Critical factors
FAT TOM pH Water activity (aw)
Bacterial pathogens
Clostridium botulinum Escherichia coli Listeria Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Cronobacter spp
Viral pathogens
Enterovirus Hepatitis A Norovirus Rotavirus
Parasitic pathogens
Cryptosporidium Entamoeba histolytica Giardia Trichinella
v t e

The danger zone is the temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow. Food safety agencies, such as the United States' Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), define the danger zone as roughly 40 to 140 °F (4 to 60 °C).^[1][2][3] The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness^[a] and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed.^[5] Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone, at temperatures between 21 and 47 °C (70 and 117 °F).^[6] In the UK and NI, the Danger Zone is defined as 8 to 63 °C.^[7]

Food-borne bacteria, in large enough numbers, may cause food poisoning, symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or "stomach flu" (a misnomer, as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system). Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.^[8] Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations, such as people with weakened immune systems, young children, the elderly, and pregnant women.^[8] In Canada, there are approximately 4 million cases of food-borne disease per year.^[9] These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food.^[10]

Time and temperature control safety (TCS) plays a critical role in food handling.^[11][12] To prevent time-temperature abuse, the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized.^[13] A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature, that is, a small decrease of cooking temperature can result in considerable numbers of cells surviving the process.^[14] In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone, foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling.^[15]

Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone:^[16]

• Meat: beef, poultry, pork, seafood
• Eggs and other protein-rich foods
• Dairy products
• Cut or peeled fresh produce
• Cooked vegetables, beans, rice, pasta
• Sauces, such as gravy
• Sprouts
• Any foods containing the above, e.g. casseroles, salads, quiches

According to Bryan (2004), a more complex, but more comprehensive picture of food safety hazards can be given by full consideration of the many factors involved. He advocates seeing the danger zone as "a series of ranges that represent different degrees of hazards and risks." He presents the danger zone in a chart of time versus temperature as having a zone of high danger in which foods are at temperatures between 30C and 45C for several hours, surrounded by two zones of lesser danger involving exposure at lower temperatures for longer periods of time.^[17]

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