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Bharadvaja

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Bharadvaja
Watercolour painting of Bharadvaja, 19th century
AffiliationBrahmarshi
Genealogy
Parents
SiblingsKacha, Revati, Kesari
SpouseSushila
ChildrenGarga, Drona and Ilavida
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Bharadvaja (Sanskrit: भरद्वाज, IAST: Bharadvāja; also spelled Bharadwaja) was one of the revered Vedic sages (maharishi) in Ancient India. He was a renowned scholar, economist, grammarian and a physician. He is one of the Saptarishis (seven great sages or Maharṣis).[1]

His contributions to ancient Indian literature, specifically the Rigveda, provide significant insight into ancient Vedic society.[2][3][4] He and his family of students were the authors of Mandala 6 in the Rigveda.[5] In the epic Mahabharata, Bharadvaja was the father of Droṇācārya,[6] the guru and instructor to the Pandava and Kaurava princes in the Mahabharata. Bharadvaja is also mentioned in Charaka Samhita, an authoritative ancient Indian medical text.

Etymology

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The word Bharadvaja is a compound Sanskrit from "bhara(d)" and "vaja(m)", which together mean "bringing about nourishment".[7] The name lends itself to more than one yoga asana[clarification needed] called Bharadvajasana ("nourishing pose") named after the eponymous sage.[citation needed]

Description

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His full name in Vedic texts is Bharadvaja Barhaspatya, the last name referring to his father and Vedic deity-sage Brihaspati. His mother was Mamata, wife of Utathya Rishi, who was the elder brother of Barhaspati.[8] In the Bhagavata Purana, he is named as Vitatha.[9] He is one of seven rishis mentioned four times in the Rigveda as well as in the Shatapatha Brahmana, thereafter revered in the Mahabharata and the Puranas.[10] In some later Puranic legends, he is described as the son of Vedic sage Atri.[2]

In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as Digha Nikaya, Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The Buddha names ten rishis, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Bharadvaja.[1][11][note 1]

The ancient Hindu medical treatise Charaka Samhita attributes Bharadvaja learning medical sciences to Indra, after pleading that "poor health was disrupting the ability of human beings from pursuing their spiritual journey", and then Indra provides both the method and specifics of medical knowledge.[12][13]

Bharadvaja is considered to be the initiator of the Bharadvāja gotra of the Brahmins, Khatris, Bharadvaja is the third in the row of the Pravara Rishis (Aangirasa, Barhaspatya, Bharadvaja) and is the first in the Bharadvaja Gotris, with the other two rishis being initiators of Gotras with their respective names.[14]

Texts

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Bharadvaja and his family of students are 55.[15] Bharadvaja and his family of students were the traditional poets of king Marutta of the Vedic era, in the Hindu texts.[16]

Bharadvaja is a revered sage in the Hindu traditions, and like other revered sages, numerous treatises composed in the ancient and medieval eras are reverentially named after him. Some treatises named after him or attributed to him include:

  • Dhanur-veda, credited to Bharadvaja in chapter 12.203 of the Mahabharata, is an Upaveda treatise on archery.[17]
  • Bharadvaja samhita, a Pancharatra text (an Agama text of Vaishnavism).[18]
  • Bharadvaja srautasutra and grhyasutra, a ritual and rites of passage text from first millennium BCE.[19][20][21] After the Kalpasutra by Baudhayana, these Bharadvaja texts are among the oldest srauta and grhya sutras known.[22]
  • Sections in Ayurveda. Bharadvaja theories on medicine and causal phenomenon is described in Charaka Samhita. Bharadvaja states, for example, that an embryo is not caused by wish, prayers, urging of mind or mystical causes, but it is produced from the union of a man's sperm and menstrual blood of a woman at the right time of her menstrual cycle, in her womb.[23][24] According to Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld, Bharadvaja is credited with many theories and practical ideas in ancient Indian medicine.[24]
  • Niti sastra, a treatise on ethics and practical conduct.[25]
  • Bharadvaja-siksa, is one of many ancient Sanskrit treatises on phonetics.[26]

Epics and Puranic scriptures

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An 18th-century painting of Śrī Rāma, Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa with sage Bharadvāja

According to one legend, Bharadvaja married Sushila and had a son named Garga and a daughter named Devavarshini. According to some other legends, Bharadvaja had two daughters named Ilavida and Katyayani, who married Vishrava and Yajnavalkya respectively.[27] According to Vishnu Purana, Bharadvaja had a brief liaison with an apsara named Ghritachi, and together they had a child who grew up into a warrior-Brahmin named Drona. In the Mahabharata, Drona is instead born when Bharadvaja ejaculated his semen in a pot. Bharadvaja is therefore directly linked to two important characters of the epic Mahabharata — Dronacharya and Aśvatthāma, the son of Drona.[28] According to the Mahabharata, Bharadvaja trained Drona in the use of weapons.[29] Bharadvaja had two disciples: Agnivesa and Drupada. Agnivesa taught Drona the mastery of the weapon Agneya, while Drupada became the king of Panchala kingdom.

One legend in the Mahabharata states that King Bharata adopted Bharadvaja as his son when he was delivered to the king by the Marutas. Bharadvaja married a kshatriya woman named Sushila. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Bharadvaja beget a son named Manyu also known as Bhumanyu while in the Mahabharata Bhumanyu is born to him by a yajna.

Rāmāyaṇa

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In the epic Ramayana, Rama, Sita and Lakshmana meet Bharadvaja at his ashrama (hermitage) at the start of their fourteen-year exile. The sage asks them to stay with him through the exile, but they insist on going deeper into the forest to Chitrakuta, which was three krosha away from the ashram. Bharadvaja gives them directions. Bharata is received at the ashrama by Bharadvaja when attempted to locate Rama in order to bring Sita, Lakshmana, and him back to Ayodhya.[30] He reappears at various times in the epic. According to James Lochtefeld, the Bharadvaja in the Ramayana is different from the Vedic sage mentioned in Panini's Ashtadhyayi.[31]

Notes

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  1. ^ The Buddha names the following as "early sages" of Vedic verses, "Atthaka (either Ashtavakra or Atri), Vamaka, Vamadeva, Vessamitta (Visvamitra), Yamataggi, Angirasa, Bharadvaja, Vasettha (Vashistha), Kassapa (Kashyapa) and Bhagu (Bhrigu)".[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b Sanjana, Darab Dastur Peshotan (1898). "17. Gotama in the Avesta". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. 30 (2). Cambridge University Press: 391–394. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00025417.
  2. ^ a b George M. Williams (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
  3. ^ Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  4. ^ Barbara A. Holdrege (2012). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. State University of New York Press. pp. 229, 657. ISBN 978-1-4384-0695-4. Bharadvaja (Vedic seer)...
  5. ^ Stephanie Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. pp. 1680–1681. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1.
  6. ^ "The Vishnu Purana: Book III: Chapter II".
  7. ^ Thaneswar Sharma (1991). The Bharadvājas in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 58–60. ISBN 978-81-208-0639-9.
  8. ^ Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  9. ^ "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) » Canto 9: Liberation » Chapter Twenty-One".
  10. ^ Barbara A. Holdrege (2012). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. State University of New York Press. pp. 229–230, 243–244. ISBN 978-1-4384-0695-4.
  11. ^ a b Maurice Walshe (2005). The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. Simon and Schuster. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-86171-979-2.
  12. ^ Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-19-531405-2.
  13. ^ Kaviratna & Sharma 1913, pp. ii–iii, 1–3 (Volume 1 of 5).
  14. ^ Prasad, Hari. "Gotras and Pravaras". Indiafacts.org.
  15. ^ Stephanie Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. pp. 1691–1693. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1.
  16. ^ Brereton, Joel P. (1993). "The Bharadvajas in Ancient India". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 113 (4): 599–600. doi:10.2307/605794. JSTOR 605794.
  17. ^ Barbara A. Holdrege (2012). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. State University of New York Press. p. 504 note 177. ISBN 978-1-4384-0695-4.
  18. ^ Surendranath Dasgupta (1940). A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume III. Cambridge University Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-521-04780-7.
  19. ^ Thaneswar Sharma (1991). The Bharadvājas in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 253 note 17a. ISBN 978-81-208-0639-9.
  20. ^ Adam Bowles (2007). Dharma, Disorder and the Political in Ancient India: The Āpaddharmaparvan of the Mahābhārata. BRILL Academic. pp. xiii (see: BhaGS). ISBN 978-90-474-2260-0.
  21. ^ A. Berriedale Keith (1914), Reviewed Work: Bhāradvāja Gṛhya Sütra by Henriette J. W. Salomons, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1078–1089
  22. ^ Moriz Winternitz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996). A History of Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 259. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3.
  23. ^ D. Wujastyk (2003). The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. Penguin Books. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-0-14-044824-5.
  24. ^ a b Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. E. Forsten. pp. 152–155. ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7.
  25. ^ Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. E. Forsten. p. 153. ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7.
  26. ^ Moriz Winternitz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996). A History of Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 266 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3.
  27. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 76.
  28. ^ Vishnu Purana -Drauni or Asvathama as Next saptarishi Retrieved 2015-02-15
  29. ^ Ganguly The Mahabharata Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-02-15
  30. ^ Ramesh Menon (2004). The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic. Macmillan. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-86547-695-0.
  31. ^ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.

Bibliography

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