[go: up one dir, main page]
Jump to content

Sun Myung Moon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Reverend Moon" redirects here. For Pastor Moon Ik-hwan, see Moon Ik-hwan.
The native form of this personal name is Moon Sun-myung. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
In this Korean name, the family name is Moon.

Sun Myung Moon
Moon delivering a speech in Las Vegas, 2010
Born
Moon Yong-Myeong

(1920-01-06)6 January 1920
Chongju, Heianhoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan
Died3 September 2012(2012-09-03) (aged 92)
Gapyeong County, South Korea
NationalitySouth Korean
Occupations
Known forFounder of the Unification Church
Spouses
Choi Sun-kil
​
​
(m. 1945; div. 1957)​
​
​
(m. 1960)​
Children16, including:
Korean name
Hangul
문선명
Hanja
文鮮明
Revised RomanizationMun Seonmyeong
McCune–ReischauerMun Sŏnmyŏng
Birth name
Hangul
문용명
Hanja
文龍明
Revised RomanizationMun Yongmyeong
McCune–ReischauerMun Yongmyŏng
Part of a series on
Korean nationalism
Korean Unification Flag
Ideologies
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Activists (after 1945)
Parties
Active

Inactive or defunct

Organizations
Active

Inactive or defunct

Media
Anniversary
Symbolism
Debate
Related topics

Sun Myung Moon (Korean: 문선명; Hanja: 文鮮明; born Moon Yong-Myeong; 6 January 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, also known for his business ventures and support for conservative political causes.[1][2] A messiah claimant, he was the founder of the Unification Church, whose members consider him and his wife Hak Ja Han to be their "True Parents",[3] and of its widely noted "Blessing" or mass wedding ceremonies. The author of the Unification Church's religious scripture, the Divine Principle,[4][5][6] he was an anti-communist and an advocate for Korean reunification, for which he was recognized by the governments of both North and South Korea.[7] Businesses he promoted included News World Communications, an international news media corporation known for its American subsidiary The Washington Times,[8][9][10] and Tongil Group, a South Korean business group (chaebol),[11][12][13] as well as other related organizations.[1][14]

Moon was born in what is now North Korea. When he was a child, his family converted to Christianity.[15] In the 1940s and 1950s, he was imprisoned multiple times by the North and South Korean governments during his early new-religious ministries,[16] formally founding the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, simply known as the Unification Church, in Seoul, South Korea, in 1954.[17]

The Unification Church teaches conservative, heterosexual family-oriented values from new interpretations of the Christian Bible mixed with theology from Moon's own text, the Divine Principle.[15][16] In 1971, Moon moved to the United States[18] and became well known after giving a series of public speeches on his beliefs.[19][20][21] In the 1982 case United States v. Sun Myung Moon, he was found guilty of willfully filing false federal income tax returns and sentenced to 18 months in federal prison. His case generated protests from clergy and civil libertarians, who said that the trial was biased against him.[22]

Many of Moon's followers were very dedicated and were often referred to in popular parlance as "Moonies".[23] His wedding ceremonies drew criticism, specifically after members of other churches took part, including the excommunicated Roman Catholic archbishop Emmanuel Milingo.[24] Moon was also criticized for his relationships with political and religious figures, including U.S. presidents Richard Nixon,[25] George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush; Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev;[26] North Korean president Kim Il Sung;[27] and Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan.[28]

Early life

[edit]
Moon as a student at Waseda University.

Sun Myung Moon was born Yong Myung Moon on 6 January 1920[29] in modern-day North P'yŏng'an Province, North Korea, at a time when Korea was under Japanese rule. He was the second son in a farming family of thirteen children,[30] eight of whom survived.[16] Moon's family followed Confucianist beliefs until he was around 10 years old, when they converted to Christianity and joined the Presbyterian Church.[31] Moon claims that he experienced a religious vision of Jesus at age 16 that laid out his life's mission.[32]

In 1941, Moon began studying electrical engineering at Waseda University in Japan.[33] During this time, he cooperated with Communist Party members in the Korean independence movement against Imperial Japan.[34] In 1943, he returned to Seoul and, in 1944,[35] married his first wife, Sun-kil Choi (최선길; 崔先吉; Choe Seon-gil).[1] They had a son,[1] Sung Jin Moon (문성진; 文聖進; Mun Seong-jin).[36] In the 1940s, Sun Myung Moon attended a church led by Kim Baek-moon, who influentially taught that he had been given by Jesus the mission to spread the message of a "new Israel" throughout the world.[37] Around this time, Moon changed his given name to Sun Myung as an effort to quell the increased resentment of other Christians against him, as he gradually began gathering his own group of followers.[38]

Following World War II, Korea was divided (South and North) along the 38th parallel into two trusteeships: the United States and the Soviet Union.[39][40] Pyongyang (the eventual capital of North Korea) was the center of Christian activity in Korea until 1945.[41] From the late 1940s, hundreds of Korean Christian religious figures were killed or disappeared in concentration camps, including Francis Hong Yong-ho, Catholic bishop of Pyongyang,[42] and all monks of Tokwon Abbey.[43][44] When Moon started his own movement (an early version of the Unification Church) in Pyongyang in 1946,[45] the Soviet-controlled North Korean government imprisoned and, he claims, tortured him.[1] Sources vary on the motivation behind his arrest: religious persecution,[46] or a charge of espionage[47] or polygamy.[48] His religious practices during this time may have included unorthodox sexual rituals with multiple women,[48] a claim the Unification Church denies and some scholars have doubted.[47][49]

Arrested again in 1948, he was sentenced to five years at Hungnam labor camp,[47][48] though in 1950, during the Korean War, he was liberated by United Nations troops and allegedly traveled by foot to Busan, (South) Korea.[1][50][51] Moon emerged from his years in the labor camp as a staunch anti-communist.[16] His teachings viewed the Cold War between capitalism and communism as the final conflict between God and Satan, with divided Korea as its primary front line.[52]

In the 1950s, after years of being separated from his wife and child before reuniting,[53] Moon and Choi divorced. Moon moved to Seoul once again and, continuing his ministry, was arrested two more times: once on suspicion of religious orgies and once for draft evasion; both charges were overturned.[54][46]

In 1954, Moon formally founded the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity in Seoul and fathered an illegitimate child[1] (who died in 1969).[55] In the 1950s, Moon quickly drew young acolytes who helped to build the foundations of Unification-affiliated business and cultural organizations.[16][56] In his new church, he preached a conservative, family-oriented value system and his interpretation of the Bible.[6][57] A follower whose family joined Moon's movement in the early 1950s claims that she and Moon engaged in various religious sexual rituals, including with several other women, and that she remained Moon's mistress (through his second marriage) until 1964, bearing Moon another son, in secret, in 1965.[48]

Second marriage and Blessing ceremonies

[edit]
Moon and Hak Ja Han.

Marriage to Hak Ja Han

[edit]

Moon married his second wife, Hak Ja Han (who was 17 at the time) on 11 April 1960, soon after Moon turned 40 years old, in a ceremony called the Holy Marriage. Han is called "Mother" or "True Mother". She and Moon together are referred to as the "True Parents" by members of the Unification Church and their family as the "True Family".[3][58][59][60] Jesus was divine but not God; he was supposed to be the second Adam who would create a perfect family by joining with the ideal wife and creating a pure family that would have begun humanity's liberation from its sinful condition.[33] When Jesus was crucified before marrying, he redeemed mankind spiritually but not physically. That task was left to the "True Parents" — Moon and Han — who would link married couples and their families to God.[14][33][61]

Blessing ceremonies

[edit]
Main article: Blessing ceremony of the Unification Church
Moon presides over a mass blessing ceremony in 2010.

Although they initially lived communally, his followers gradually returned to the traditional Christian family form (monogamy). Blessing ceremonies have attracted attention in the press and in the public imagination, often being labeled "mass weddings". People who have never met, from completely different countries, were married by the Messiah of the Unification Church by "matching". They were informed that a certain person, specially chosen for him/her by the Messiah, would become their husband/wife. Some of them did not see their future partner until the day of the "marriage". Public mass blessing ceremonies followed.[62][31][63][64][65][66][67] Some couples are already married, and those that are engaged are later legally married according to the laws of their own countries.[65][66] Meant to highlight the church's emphasis on traditional morality, they brought Moon both fame and controversy.[67]

36 couples participated in the first ceremony in 1961 for members of the early church in Seoul. The ceremonies continued to grow in scale; over 2,000 couples participated in the 1982 one at New York's Madison Square Garden, the first outside South Korea.[15][33] In 1992, about 30,000 couples took part in a ceremony and a record 360,000 couples in Seoul took part three years later.[68]

Moon said that he matched couples from differing races and nationalities because of his belief that all of humanity should be united: "International and intercultural marriages are the quickest way to bring about an ideal world of peace. People should marry across national and cultural boundaries with people from countries they consider to be their enemies so that the world of peace can come that much more quickly."[6][15][61]

Establishing beliefs of the Unification movement

[edit]
See also: Unification movement § Beliefs

Moon said that when he was 16 years old,[32] Jesus appeared to him, anointing him to carry out his unfinished work by becoming parent to all of humanity.[5][39][61] The Divine Principle  [ko], or Exposition of the Divine Principle (Korean: 원리강론; Hanja: 原理講論; RR: Wolli Gangnon), is the main theological textbook of the Unification movement. It was co-written by Moon and early disciple Hyo Won Eu and first published in 1966. A translation entitled Divine Principle was published in English in 1973. The book lays out the core of Unification theology and is held to have the status of scripture by believers. Following the format of systematic theology, it includes (1) God's purpose in creating human beings, (2) the fall of man, and (3) restoration — the process through history by which God is working to remove the ill effects of the fall and restore humanity back to the relationship and position that God originally intended.[69]

God is viewed as the creator, whose nature combines both masculinity and femininity, and is the source of all truth, beauty, and goodness. Human beings and the universe reflect God's personality, nature, and purpose.[70] "Give-and-take action" (reciprocal interaction) and "subject and object position" (initiator and responder) are "key interpretive concepts",[71] and the self is designed to be God's object.[71] The purpose of human existence is to return joy to God. The "four-position foundation" (Origin, Subject, Object, and Union) is another important and interpretive concept, and explains in part the emphasis on the family.[72]

Move to United States

[edit]
Main article: Unification Church of the United States

In 1971, Moon moved to the United States, which he had first visited in 1965, and eventually settled into a 35-room mansion on an estate in Irvington, New York.[73] He remained a citizen of South Korea, where he maintained a residence.[74] In 1972, Moon founded the International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences, a series of scientific conferences.[18][75] The first conference had 20 participants, while the largest conference in Seoul, in 1982, had 808 participants from over 100 countries.[76][77] Participants included Nobel laureates John Eccles (Physiology or Medicine 1963, who chaired the 1976 conference)[78] and Eugene Wigner (Physics 1963).[79]

In 1974, Moon asked church members in the United States to support President Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal, when Nixon was being pressured to resign his office. Church members prayed and fasted in support of Nixon for three days in front of the United States Capitol under the motto: "Forgive, Love and Unite." On 1 February 1974, Nixon publicly thanked them for their support and officially received Moon. This brought the church into widespread public and media attention.[25]

In the 1970s, Moon, who had seldom before spoken to the general public, gave a series of public speeches to audiences in the United States, Japan, and South Korea. The largest were a rally in 1975 against North Korean aggression in Seoul and a speech at an event organized by the Unification Church in Washington, D.C.[19][20]

United States v. Sun Myung Moon

[edit]
Main article: United States v. Sun Myung Moon

In 1982, following an IRS investigation, Moon was convicted in the United States of conspiracy and tax evasion by filing incorrect federal income tax returns totaling less than $8,000.[80] He refused to stay in Korea and returned to the United States. His conviction was upheld on appeal in a split decision. Moon was given an 18-month sentence and a $15,000 fine. He served 13 months of the sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury, before being released on good behavior to a halfway house.[81]

The case was the center of national freedom of religion and free speech debates.[82] Prof. Laurence H. Tribe of the Harvard University Law School argued that the trial by jury had "doomed (Moon) to conviction based on religious prejudice."[83] The American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A., the National Council of Churches, the National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference filed briefs in support of Moon.[84] Many notable clergy, including Jerry Falwell and Joseph Lowery, signed petitions protesting the government's case and spoke out in defense of Moon.[85][86] Carlton Sherwood, in his book Inquisition, stated that the conviction of Reverend Moon was viewed by Protestant pastors to be a humiliation of religious liberty.[87]

After his prison sentence, Moon began calling himself humanity's Messiah, and officially conferred the title of "Messiah" on himself in 1992.[14][1][88]

The Washington Times

[edit]
Main article: The Washington Times

In 1982, The Washington Times was founded by News World Communications, an international media conglomerate associated with Moon, which also owned newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America, as well as the news agency United Press International.[89] The political views of The Washington Times have often been described as conservative.[90][91][92] The Times was read by many Washington, DC insiders, including Ronald Reagan.[93][94] By 2002, Moon had invested roughly $1.7 billion to support the Times,[95] which he called "the instrument in spreading the truth about God to the world".[96]

Twenty-first century events

[edit]

In 2000, Moon sponsored a United Nations conference that proposed the formation of "a religious assembly, or council of religious representatives, within the structure of the United Nations."[97]

In 2003, Moon sponsored the first Peace Cup international club soccer tournament.[98][99][100] The Los Angeles Galaxy, which competes in Major League Soccer, played in South Korea in the Peace Cup.[101] During the event, Pelé, widely regarded as the best soccer player of all time and former Brazilian Sports Minister, met with Moon.[102]

In 2009, Moon's autobiography, As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen (Korean: 평화를 사랑하는 세계인으로),[103] was published by Gimm-Young Publishers in South Korea. The book became a best-seller in Korea and Japan.[104][105][106][107]

By 2010, Moon had given much of the responsibility for Family Federation for World Peace and Unification religious and business activities to his children, who were then in their 30s and 40s.[108] In 2012, the South Korean press reported that Moon traveled worldwide in his private jet, which cost $50 million.[109][110]

Illness and death

[edit]

On 14 August 2012, after suffering from pneumonia earlier in the month, Moon was admitted to Saint Mary's Hospital at The Catholic University of Korea in Seoul.[111] On 15 August 2012, he was reported to be gravely ill and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of St. Mary's.[112] On 31 August 2012, Moon was transferred to a church-owned hospital near his home in Gapyeong, northeast of Seoul,[113] after suffering multiple organ failure.[114] Moon died on the morning of 3 September 2012 (1:54 am KST) at the age of 92.[115]

A two-week mourning period was conducted in honor of him. On 15 September, after a funeral service attended by tens of thousands of Unification Church followers, Moon was buried at a church-owned mansion in Gapyeong.[116]

Activities and interests

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

In 1964, Moon founded the Korean Culture and Freedom Foundation, which promoted the interests of South Korea and sponsored Radio Free Asia. Former U.S. Presidents Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Richard Nixon were honorary presidents or directors at various times.[117]

In 1972, Moon offered predictions on the decline of communism, based on the teachings of the Divine Principle: "After 7,000 biblical years — 6,000 years of restoration history plus the millennium, the time of completion — communism will fall in its 70th year. Here is the meaning of the year 1978. Communism, begun in 1917, could maintain itself approximately 60 years and reach its peak. So 1978 is the border line and afterward communism will decline; in the 70th year it will be altogether ruined. This is true. Therefore, now is the time for people who are studying communism to abandon it."[118]

In 1980, Moon asked church members to found CAUSA International as an anti-communist educational organization, based in New York.[119] In the 1980s, it was active in 21 countries. In the United States, it sponsored educational conferences for Christian leaders[120] as well as seminars and conferences for Senate staffers and other activists.[121] In 1986, it produced the anti-communist documentary film Nicaragua Was Our Home.[122] CAUSA supported the Nicaraguan Contras.[123][48]

In August 1985, the Professors World Peace Academy, an organization founded by Moon, sponsored a conference in Geneva to debate the theme "The situation in the world after the fall of the communist empire."[124] In April 1990, Moon visited the Soviet Union and met with President Mikhail Gorbachev. Moon expressed support for the political and economic transformations under way in the Soviet Union. At the same time, the Unification Church was expanding into formerly communist nations.[26] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, some American conservatives criticized Moon for his softening of his previous anti-communist stance.[125][126]

In 1991, Moon met with Kim Il Sung, then North Korean president, to discuss ways to achieve peace on the Korean peninsula, as well as on international relations, tourism, etc.[27] In 1994, Moon was officially invited to the funeral of Kim Il Sung in spite of the absence of diplomatic relations between North Korea and South Korea.[127] Moon and his church are known for their efforts to promote Korean unification.[7]

In 2003, Korean Unification Church members started a political party in South Korea. It was named "The Party for God, Peace, Unification, and Home." In its inauguration declaration, the new party said it would focus on preparing for Korean reunification by educating the public about God and peace.[128] Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of the Unification Ministry of the Republic of Korea.[129] In 2012, Moon was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize.[130]

In 2005, Rev. Sun Myung Moon and his wife, Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon, founded the Universal Peace Federation (UPF), an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). "We support and promote the work of the United Nations and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals."[131]

Moon's projects have been lobbied in the National Congress of Brazil by Brazilian MPs.[132][133][134] Moon has held dialogues between members of the Israeli Knesset and the Palestinian Parliament as part of his Middle East Peace Initiatives.[135]

Business

[edit]

Tongil Group is a South Korean business group (chaebol "Tongil" is Korean for "unification"; the name of the Unification Church in Korean is "Tongilgyo") founded in 1963 by Moon as a nonprofit organization to provide revenue for the church. Its core focus was manufacturing, but in the 1970s and 1980s, it expanded by founding or acquiring businesses in pharmaceuticals, tourism, and publishing.[11] Among Tongil Group's chief holdings are: The Ilwha Company, which produces ginseng and related products; Ilshin Stone, building materials; and Tongil Heavy Industries, machine parts, including hardware for the South Korean military.[13]

News World Communications is an international news media corporation[8] founded by Moon in 1976. It owns United Press International, World and I, Tiempos del Mundo (Latin America), The Segye Ilbo (South Korea), The Sekai Nippo (Japan), the Zambezi Times (South Africa), and The Middle East Times (Egypt).[9] Until 2008, it published the Washington, D.C.-based newsmagazine Insight on the News.[8] Until 2010, it owned The Washington Times. On 2 November 2010, Sun Myung Moon and a group of former Times editors purchased the Times from News World.[10]

In 1982, Moon sponsored the film Inchon, an historical drama about the Battle of Inchon during the Korean War. It was not successful critically or financially and was criticized for its unfair treatment of the North Korean government.[136]

In 1989, Moon founded Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma,[137] the second most successful soccer club in South Korea, having won a record 7 league titles, 2 FA Cups, 3 League Cups, and 2 AFC Champions League titles. Seongnam's record was beaten by Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in 2020.

The church is the largest owner of U.S. sushi restaurants, and in the Kodiak region of Alaska is the area's largest employer.[138][139] The church founded the first currently operating automobile manufacturing plant in North Korea, Pyeonghwa Motors, and is the second largest exporter of Korean goods.[140][141][142][143]

In 2011, construction of the $18-million Yeosu Expo Hotel was completed; the hotel is located at the Moon-owned Ocean Resort in Yeosu, the venue of Expo 2012.[144] The opening ceremony was attended by the governor of the province.[144][145] Another one, the Ocean Hotel, was completed in February 2012.[146] Moon-owned Yeongpyeong Resort, Ocean Resort, and Pineridge Resort were scheduled to host Expo 2012,[147] the 2018 Winter Olympics,[148][149] and Formula 1.[150] Moon also managed the FIFA-accredited Peace Cup.[151] The FIFA itself has funded more than $2m for the Peace Cup since 2003.[152]

Race relations

[edit]

Moon took a strong stance against racism and racial discrimination. In 1974, he urged Unification Church members to support an African-American president of the United States: "We have had enough of white presidents. So, let's this time elect a president from the Negro race. What will you do if I say so? There's no question there. We must never forget that we are brothers and sisters in a huge human family. In any level of community, we must become like a family."[153]

In 1981, he said that he himself was a victim of racial prejudice in the United States (concerning his prosecution on tax charges in United States v. Sun Myung Moon), saying: "I would not be standing here today if my skin were white or my religion were Presbyterian. I am here today only because my skin is yellow and my religion is Unification Church. The ugliest things in this beautiful country of America are religious bigotry and racism."[154]

Several African American organizations and individuals spoke out in defense of Moon at this time, including the National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Conference of Black Mayors,[155] and Joseph Lowery, who was then the head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.[21]

In a later controversy over the use of the word "Moonie" (which was said to be offensive) by the American news media, Moon's position was supported by civil rights activists Ralph Abernathy[156][157][158] and James Bevel.[159]

In 2000, Moon and Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan got together to sponsor the Million Family March,[160] a rally in Washington, D.C. to celebrate family unity and racial and religious harmony as well as to address other issues, including abortion, capital punishment, health care, education, welfare, Social Security reform, substance abuse prevention, and overhaul of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.[161] In his keynote speech, Farrakhan called for racial harmony.[162]

Dance

[edit]

In 1962, Moon and other church members founded the Little Angels Children's Folk Ballet of Korea, a children's dance troupe that presents traditional Korean folk dances. He said that this was to project a positive image of South Korea to the world.[163] In 1984, Moon founded the $8-million Universal Ballet project, with Soviet-born Oleg Vinogradov as its art director and Moon's daughter-in-law Julia as its prima ballerina. It was described by The New York Times as the top ballet company in Asia.[164] In 1989, Moon founded Universal Ballet Academy, which later changed its name to Kirov Academy of Ballet, in Washington, D.C.[165]

Seafood and shipbuilding

[edit]

The Unification Church owns True World Foods, which controls a major portion of the sushi trade in the US.[166][167] True World Foods' parent company is the corporate conglomerate True World Group, which operates restaurants and markets.[168]

The Unification Church's foray into the seafood industry began at the direction of Moon, who ordered an expansion into "the oceanic providence." In 1976 and 1977, the Unification Church invested nearly a million dollars into the American seafood industry.[166] Moon delivered a speech in 1980 entitled "The Way of Tuna", in which he claimed that "After we build the boats, we catch the fish and process them for the market, and then have a distribution network. This is not just on the drawing board; I have already done it" and declared himself the "king of the ocean." He also suggested that they could get around the recently imposed 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone by marrying American and Japanese members, allowing the Japanese ones to become American citizens, because once married, "we are not foreigners; therefore Japanese brothers, particularly those matched to Americans, are becoming ... leaders for fishing and distribution." He also declared that "Gloucester is almost a Moonie town now!"[166]

Later in 1980, Moon gave a sermon in which he said, "This ocean business is really reserved for Unification Church. How much income would this business generate? Roughly speaking, enough money to buy the entire world. That's true! It has unlimited potential."[168] In 1986, he advised his followers to open a thousand restaurants in America.[166]

The Unification Church owns Master Marine (a shipbuilding and fishing company in Alabama)[169] and International Seafood of Kodiak, Alaska.[170][171] In 2011, Master Marine opened a factory in Las Vegas, Nevada, to manufacture a 27-foot pleasure boat designed by Moon.[172][173]

Honorary degrees and other recognition

[edit]

Moon held honorary degrees from more than ten universities and colleges worldwide,[174][175][176] at least one of which, the University of Bridgeport, received significant funding from his organizations.[1] He was a member of the Honorary Committee of the Unification Ministry of South Korea.[177] In 1985, he and his wife received Doctor of Divinity degrees from Shaw University.[178]

In 2004, Moon was honored as the Messiah at an event in the Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. This attracted much public attention and was criticized by The New York Times and The Washington Post as a possible violation of the principle of separation of church and state in the United States. Some of the political figures who had attended the event later told reporters that they had been misled as to its nature.[179][180]

Several months after his death, an award named after him and his wife (the Sunhak Peace Prize) was proposed, inheriting his will to "recognize and empower innovations in human development, conflict resolution and ecological conservation." Its laureates receive a certificate, a medal, and US$1 million.[181]

Moon was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize in 2012[130] and a meritorious award by K-League.[182][183] On the first anniversary of Moon's death, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un expressed condolences to Han and the family, saying: "Kim Jong Un prayed for the repose of Moon, who worked hard for national concord, prosperity and reunification and world peace."[184]

In 2013, Zimbabwean Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai stated: "I remain greatly inspired by people like Reverend Dr. Sun Myung Moon, whose work and life across continents continue to impact positively on the lives of millions of others in the world."[185]

In 2021, former president Donald Trump praised Moon in an event linked to Unification Church.[186] Previously, such events held by Unification Church, named Rally of Hope, gathered speakers from the Trump Administration: e.g., former vice president Mike Pence, former secretary of state Mike Pompeo, and Adviser Paula White.[187]

Criticisms

[edit]

Moon's claim to be the Messiah and the Second Coming of Christ has been rejected by both Jewish and Christian scholars.[188][189] The Divine Principle was labeled as heretical by Protestant churches in South Korea, including Moon's own Presbyterian Church. In the United States, it was rejected by ecumenical organizations as being non-Christian.[3] Protestant commentators have also criticized Moon's teachings as being contrary to the Protestant doctrine of salvation by faith alone.[190][191] In their influential book The Kingdom of the Cults (first published in 1965), Walter Ralston Martin and Ravi K. Zacharias disagreed with the Divine Principle on the issues of the divinity of Christ, the virgin birth of Jesus, Moon's belief that Jesus should have married, the necessity of the crucifixion of Jesus, a literal resurrection of Jesus, as well as a literal second coming of Jesus.[192] Commentators have criticized the Divine Principle for saying that the First World War, the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the Cold War served as indemnity conditions to prepare the world for the establishment of the Kingdom of God.[193]

During the Cold War, Moon was criticized by both the mainstream media and the alternative press for his anti-communist activism, which many said could lead to World War III and a nuclear holocaust.[194] Moon's anti-communist activities received financial support from controversial Japanese millionaire and activist Ryōichi Sasakawa.[195][196] In 1977, the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations of the United States House of Representatives, while investigating the Koreagate scandal, found that the South Korean National Intelligence Service (KCIA) had worked with the Unification Church to gain political influence within the United States, with some members working as volunteers in Congressional offices. Together, they founded the Korean Cultural Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit organization that undertook public diplomacy for the Republic of Korea.[197] The committee also investigated possible KCIA influence on Moon's campaign in support of Richard Nixon.[198] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, some American conservatives criticized Moon for his softening of his previous anti-communist stance.[125][126]

In the 1990s, when Moon began to offer the Unification marriage blessing ceremony to members of other churches and religions, he was criticized for creating possible confusion.[199] In 1998, journalist Peter Maass, writing for The New Yorker, reported that some Unification members were dismayed and also grumbled when Moon extended the Blessing to non-members, who had not gone through the same course that members had.[200] In 2001, Moon came into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church when 71-year-old Catholic archbishop Emmanuel Milingo and Maria Sung, a 43-year-old Korean acupuncturist, married in a blessing ceremony, presided over by Moon and his wife. Following his marriage, the archbishop was called to the Vatican by Pope John Paul II, where he was asked not to see his wife anymore and to move to a Capuchin monastery. Sung went on a hunger strike to protest their separation. This attracted much media attention.[24] Milingo is now an advocate of the removal of the requirement for celibacy by priests in the Catholic Church. He is the founder of Married Priests Now!.[201]

In 1998, the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram criticized Moon's possible relationship with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and wrote that The Washington Times editorial policy was "rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel."[202][203]

In 2000, Moon was criticized, including by some members of his church, for his support of controversial Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan's Million Family March.[28] Moon was also criticized for his relationship with controversial Jewish scholar Richard L. Rubenstein, an advocate of the "death of God theology" of the 1960s.[204] Rubenstein was a defender of the Unification Church and served on its advisory council,[205] and on the board of directors of The Washington Times, a church-owned newspaper.[206] In the 1990s, he served as president of the University of Bridgeport, which was then affiliated with the church.[207]

In 2003, George D. Chryssides of the University of Wolverhampton criticized Moon for introducing doctrines that tended to divide the Christian church rather than uniting it, which was his stated purpose in founding the Unification movement (originally named the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity).[3] In his 2009 autobiography, Moon himself wrote that he did not originally intend on founding a separate denomination.[208]

Moon opposed homosexuality and compared gay people to "dirty dung-eating dogs".[209] He said that "gays will be eliminated" in a "purge on God's orders".[210] In 2009, Moon's support for the Japan-Korea Undersea Tunnel was criticized in Japan and South Korea as a possible threat to both nations' interests and national identities.[211]

Other criticisms include Moon's apparent neglect of his wife, Hak Ja Han, and his appointments of their children and their spouses to leadership positions in the church and related businesses, including their daughter In Jin Moon to the presidency of the Unification Church of the United States against the wishes of some church members; his support of conservatives within the government of South Korea; his assignment of movement members and resources to business projects and political activism, including The Washington Times; as well as the relationship between the Unification Church and Islam, especially following the September 11 attacks in New York City.[48]

Views of Moon by his followers

[edit]

The Divine Principle itself says about Moon: "With the fullness of time, God has sent one person to this earth to resolve the fundamental problems of human life and the universe. His name is Sun Myung Moon. For several decades he wandered through the spirit world so vast as to be beyond imagining. He trod a bloody path of suffering in search of the truth, passing through tribulations that God alone remembers. Since he understood that no one can find the ultimate truth to save humanity without first passing through the bitterest of trials, he fought alone against millions of devils, both in the spiritual and physical worlds, and triumphed over them all. Through intimate spiritual communion with God and by meeting with Jesus and many saints in Paradise, he brought to light all the secrets of Heaven."[212]

In 1978, Rodney Sawatsky wrote in an article in Theology Today: "Why trust Rev. Moon's dreams and visions of the new age and his role in it, we ask? Most converts actually have had minimal contact with him. Frederick Sontag (Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church, Abingdon, 1977), in his interviews with Moon, appears to have found a pleasant but not an overwhelming personality. Charisma, as traditionally understood, seems hardly applicable here. Rather, Moon provides a model. He suffered valiantly, he knows confidently, he prays assuredly, he lives lovingly, say his followers. The Divine Principle is not an unrealizable ideal; it is incarnate in a man, it lives, it is imitable. His truth is experienced to be their truth. His explanation of the universe becomes their understanding of themselves and the world in which they live."[188]

In 1980, sociologist Irving Louis Horowitz commented: "The Reverend Moon is a fundamentalist with a vengeance. He has a belief system that admits of no boundaries or limits, an all-embracing truth. His writings exhibit a holistic concern for the person, society, nature, and all things embraced by the human vision. In this sense the concept underwriting the Unification church is apt, for its primary drive and appeal is unity, urging a paradigm of essence in an overly complicated world of existence. It is a ready-made doctrine for impatient young people and all those for whom the pursuit of the complex has become a tiresome and fruitless venture."[213]

In 1998, investigative journalist Peter Maass wrote in an article in The New Yorker: "There are, certainly, differing degrees of devotion among Moon's followers; the fact that they bow at the right moment or shout Mansei! in unison doesn't mean they believe everything Moon says, or do precisely what he commands. Even on important issues, like Moon's claiming to be the messiah, there are church members whom I met, including a close aide to Moon, who demur. A religious leader whom they respect and whose theology they believe, yes; the messiah, perhaps not."[214]

In his 2004 book The New Religious Movement Experience in America, Eugene V. Gallagher wrote: "The Divine Principle's analysis of the Fall sets the stage for the mission of Rev. Moon, who in the last days brings a revelation that offers humankind the chance to return to an Edenic state. The account in the Divine Principle offers Unificationists a comprehensive context for understanding human suffering."[215]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wakin, Daniel J. (2 September 2012). "Rev. Sun Myung Moon, Self-Proclaimed Messiah Who Built Religious Movement, Dies at 92". The New York Times. p. A17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  2. ^ News desk (2 September 2012). "Religious Leader, Media Mogul Rev. Sun Myung Moon Dies at Age 92". PBS NewsHour. 1996–2013 MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d Unifying or Dividing? Sun Myung Moon and the Origins of the Unification Church George D. Chryssides, University of Wolverhampton, U.K. 2003, Since doctrine looms large in Christian thought, it is understandable that its objections to Unificationism are principally on doctrinal grounds. Although the Christian counter-cult literature does not always expound Unification teachings fairly, it is almost unanimous in identifying the respects in which Unificationism diverges from mainstream Christianity: it is unbiblical; teaches erroneous doctrines of God, Christ and salvation; Divine Principle usurps the status of the Judaeo-Christian Bible; it teaches that Jesus did not fully accomplish his mission and that a new messiah is needed to complete it; it introduces new rituals and forms of worship; and it is spiritist. As new religions progress, they occasionally gain acceptance into the mainstream fold, as happened with Seventh-day Adventism, and, even more strikingly, with the Worldwide Church of God. At the turn of the 21st century, however, Unificationism seems no more likely to gain recognition by mainstream Christians.
  4. ^ Moon's death marks end of an era Archived 29 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Eileen Barker, CNN, 2012-9-3, Although Moon is likely to be remembered for all these things – mass weddings, accusations of brainwashing, political intrigue and enormous wealth – he should also be remembered as creating what was arguably one of the most comprehensive and innovative theologies embraced by a new religion of the period.
  5. ^ a b Xaykaothao, Doualy (3 September 2013). "Sun Myung Moon, Unification Church Founder, Dies". NPR (National Public Radio). Retrieved 16 June 2013. The Rev. Sun Myung Moon, founder of the Unification Church, has died at the age of 92 in Korea. Unification church members viewed him as a messiah, despite allegations of cult-like behavior and financial fraud. Moon was known for presiding over mass weddings and starting the conservative newspaper The Washington Times.
  6. ^ a b c Hyung-Jin Kim (2 September 2012). "Unification Church founder Rev. Sun Myung Moon dies at 92". USA Today. ISSN 0734-7456. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012. The Rev. Sun Myung Moon was a self-proclaimed messiah who built a global business empire. He called both North Korean leaders and American presidents his friends, but spent time in prisons in both countries. His followers around the world cherished him, while his detractors accused him of brainwashing recruits and extracting money from worshippers.
  7. ^ a b Sun Myung Moon's Groundbreaking Campaign to Open North Korea, The Atlantic, Armin Rosen, 6 September 2012, But for all the focus on the eccentric mogul's quirks and U.S. investments, his role in North Korea may turn out to be his most enduring legacy, a fascinating story of how one man opened one of the very few cracks in this modern hermit kingdom.
  8. ^ a b c "Who Owns What: News World Communications, Inc". The Columbia Journalism Review. 24 November 2003. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2020. News World Communications is the media arm of Reverend Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church. Holdings: Newspapers and Magazines: GolfStyles Magazine, Middle Eastern Times, The Segye Ilbo (South Korea), The Sekai Nippo (Tokyo), Tiempos del Mundo (Online Only), World and I. Wire Service: United Press International (UPI).
  9. ^ a b "Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News". biz.yahoo.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  10. ^ a b Shapira, Ian (3 November 2010). "Moon group buys back Washington Times". The Washington Post. p. C1.
  11. ^ a b Kim, Hyung-eun (12 April 2010). "Business engine of a global faith". Joong Ang Daily.
  12. ^ Kirk, Don (2 May 1998). "Reverend Moon's Group Wants to Talk Investment: Seoul Nods at Church's Foray North". The New York Times. The Unification Church, whose Tongil Group ranks about 35th in size among South Korean conglomerates, appears to have Seoul's permission to discuss possible investments with North Korea. Tongil, which means "unification" in Korean, owns factories and a chain of small stores in the South.
  13. ^ a b Kirk, Donald (2 May 2010). "Sons rise in a Moon's shadow". Forbes.
  14. ^ a b c Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (2 September 2012). "Rev. Moon, A 'Savior' To Some, Lived A Big Dream". NPR. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d Urquhart, Conal (2 September 2013). "Sun Myung Moon, founder of the Moonies, dies in South Korea". The Guardian. London. 2013 Guardian News and Media Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 June 2013. Moon was born in what would become North Korea in 1920 to a family that followed Confucian beliefs, but when he was 10 years old the family converted to Christianity and joined the Presbyterian church.
  16. ^ a b c d e Brown, Emma (2 September 2012). "Sun Myung Moon dies at 92; Washington Times owner led the Unification Church". The Washington Post. ISSN 0740-5421. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. self-professed messiah who claimed millions of religious followers in his Unification Church and sought to become a powerful voice in the American conservative movement through business interests
  17. ^ "Heavenly Parents Holy Community". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  18. ^ a b excerpt Archived 29 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine The Unification Church Studies in Contemporary Religion, Massimo Introvigne, 2000, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, ISBN 1-56085-145-7
  19. ^ a b Quebedeaux, Richard (1982). Richard Quebedeaux, Lifestyle: Conversations with Members of Unification Church. Erick Rodriguez. ISBN 9780932894182. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  20. ^ a b "Moon Festival Draws 50,000 to Monument", Washington Post, 19 September 1976.
  21. ^ a b Introvigne, Massimo, 2000, The Unification Church Studies in Contemporary Religion, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, ISBN 1-56085-145-7, excerpt Archived 29 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Raspberry, William, "Did Unpopular Moonie Get a Fair Trial?", Washington Post, 19 April 1984
  23. ^ "Moon wedding: Getting married with 4,000 others". BBC News. 28 June 2012.
  24. ^ a b "The archbishop's wife speaks for herself", National Catholic Reporter 31 August 2001
  25. ^ a b Introvigne, Massimo, 2000, The Unification Church Studies in Contemporary Religion, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, ISBN 1-56085-145-7, excerpt Archived 29 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine page 16
  26. ^ a b EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; New Flock for Moon Church: The Changing Soviet Student from The New York Times
  27. ^ a b At Time of Change for Rev. Moon Church, a Return to Tradition // The New York Times, 14 October 2009
  28. ^ a b Clarkson, Frederick (9 October 2000). "Million Moon March". Salon. Salon.com, Inc. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  29. ^ "Sun Myung Moon". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  30. ^ Mickler, Michael L. (2022). The Unification Church Movement. Cambridge University Press, p. 6.
  31. ^ a b "Mass Moonie Marriage in the US". BBC News. 29 November 1997. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  32. ^ a b Mickler, 2022, p. 8.
  33. ^ a b c d Schoifet, Mark (2 September 2012). "Sun Myung Moon, Church Head Who Ran Business Empire, Dies". Business Week. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  34. ^ Moon, Sun Myung (2009). As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen. Gimm-Young Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7166-0299-6.
  35. ^ Mickler, 2022, p. 10.
  36. ^ "Rev. Moon oversaw large, often bickering brood". Associated Press, 2012.
  37. ^ Breen, Michael (1997). Sun Myung Moon: the early years 1920-53. Hurstpierpoint West Sussex, U.K.: Refuge Books. pp. 69, 173. ISBN 978-0953163700.
  38. ^ Breen, Michael (1997). Sun Myung Moon: the early years 1920–53. Hurstpierpoint West Sussex, U.K.: Refuge Books. pp. 69, 173. ISBN 978-0953163700.
  39. ^ a b Richard Greene; K.J. Kwon; Greg Botelho (3 September 2013). "Rev. Moon, religious and political figure, dies in South Korea at 92". CNN. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  40. ^ "Unification Church". HD Jongkyo. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  41. ^ "Jerusalem Lost: The Eradication of Christianity in Pyongyang, 1945-1953 - Providence". providencemag.com. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Korea, for a reconciliation between North and South". 30 Days. 24 March 2006. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  43. ^ "The Martyrs of Tokwon: Historical Preliminary Notes". Missionary Benedictines of St. Ottilien. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  44. ^ "Thank You Father Kim Il Sung" (PDF). U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  45. ^ Mickler, 2022, p. 11.
  46. ^ a b Dunkel, Tom (2018). "Locked and Loaded for the Lord". The Washington Post.
  47. ^ a b c Mickler, 2022, p. 12.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Blake, Mariah (12 November 2013). "The Fall of the House of Moon: Sex Rituals, foreign spies, Biden offspring, and the Unification Church's war-torn first family". The New Republic. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  49. ^ Chryssides, George (1991). The Advent of Sun Myung Moon: The Origins, Beliefs and Practices of the Unification Church. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 99–103. ISBN 978-0312053475.
  50. ^ Woo, Elaine (3 September 2012). "Sun Myung Moon dies at 92; led controversial Unification Church". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  51. ^ Brown, Emma (4 September 2012). "Sun Myung Moon dies at 92; Washington Times owner led the Unification Church". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  52. ^ Christianity: A Global History, David Chidester, HarperCollins, 2001, ISBN 0062517708, 9780062517708, pages 514 to 515
  53. ^ Mickler, 2022, p. 19.
  54. ^ Mickler, 2022, p. 18.
  55. ^ Mickler, 2022, p. 20.
  56. ^ NBC News staff and news services (2 September 2012). "Sun Myung Moon, founder of Unification Church, dies at 92". World News on NBC News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  57. ^ "Unification Church founder Rev. Moon dies at 92". CBC News/The Canadian Press. Associated Press. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  58. ^ Moon At Twilight: Amid scandal, the Unification Church has a strange new mission, Peter Maass New Yorker Magazine, 14 September 1998. "Moon sees the essence of his own mission as completing the one given to Jesus – establishing a 'true family' untouched by Satan while teaching all people to lead a God-centered life under his spiritual leadership."
  59. ^ Firestone, David (12 September 1997). ""Sharpton in Ceremonies Of Unification Church," by David Firestone, The New York Times, Friday, 12 September 1997". The New York Times.
  60. ^ ""Messiah" by John Dart, Los Angeles Times, 29 Jan 1976; B1". Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  61. ^ a b c Moon, Reverend Sun Myung (2010). As a peace-loving global citizen (May 2010 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Washington Times Foundation. ISBN 978-0615393773.
  62. ^ The men and women entered a large room, where Moon began matching couples by pointing at them." NY Daily News "In the Unification tradition, romantic liaisons are forbidden until the members are deemed by Mr. Moon to be spiritually ready to be matched at a huge gathering where he points future spouses out to one another. His followers believe that his decisions are based on his ability to discern their suitability and see their future descendants. Many are matched with people of other races and nationalities, in keeping with Mr. Moon's ideal of unifying all races and nations in the Unification Church. Though some couples are matched immediately before the mass wedding ceremonies, which are held every two or three years, most have long engagements during which they are typically posted in different cities or even continents, and get to know one another through letters." NY Times "Many were personally matched by Moon, who taught that romantic love led to sexual promiscuity, mismatched couples and dysfunctional societies. Moon's preference for cross-cultural marriages also meant that couples often shared no common language." Manchester Guardian "Moon's death Sept. 2 and funeral Saturday signaled the end of the random pairings that helped make Moon's Unification Church famous — and infamous — a generation ago." Washington Post "Many of the couples who married at mass weddings were hand-picked by Moon from photos. It led to some strange pairs such as a 71-year-old African Catholic archbishop who wed a 43-year-old Korean acupuncturist. In 1988 Moon entered the Guinness Book of Records when he married 6,516 identically dressed couples at Seoul's Olympic Stadium. Moonie newly-weds were forbidden to sleep together for 40 days to prove their marriage was on a higher plane. They then had to consummate their marriage in a three-day ritual with the sexual positions stipulated by their leader." Daily Mirror
  63. ^ Hadjimatheou, Chloe (28 June 2012). "Moon wedding: Getting married with 4,000 others". BBC News. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  64. ^ Eng, Monica; Jackson, David (25 May 2006). "Despite controversy, Moon and his church moving into mainstream -- chicagotribune.com". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2023. The church's most spectacular rite remains mass weddings, which the church calls the way "fallen men and women can be engrafted into the true lineage of God."
  65. ^ a b Murphy, Caryle; Wheeler, Linda (30 November 1997). "WashingtonPost.com: The Cult Controversy". Washington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2023. Church and stadium officials estimated that more than 40,000 people, mostly couples, attended the event, including the Moon-matched couples who took their marriage vows on the football field and exchanged gold rings displaying the church symbol. Those couples, however, must still fulfill whatever requirements exist where they live to be considered legally married.
  66. ^ a b The Associated Press (30 November 1997). "28,000 Couples Gather for Rev. Moon Rites". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2023. The real weddings were held later in separate legal ceremonies.
  67. ^ a b Henneberger, Melinda (22 September 1992). "A Look at Life After Mass Marriage; For 2,075 Couples (Give or Take 200), 10 Years Together, Thanks to Sun Myung Moon". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  68. ^ "Unification Church Mass Moonie Marriage in the US". BBC News. 29 November 1997. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  69. ^ Korean Moon: Waxing of Waning? Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Leo Sandon Jr., Theology Today, Vol 35, No 2, July 1978, "The movement's official doctrinal statement, and a part of the revelation, is the Divine Principle. Both an oral tradition and a written one and published in several versions, Divine Principle is the Completed Testament. The Rev. Moon claims to have come not to destroy or abrogate the Old and New Testaments, but to fulfill them-to "complete" them. To his Moonist followers, the Rev. Moon is primarily "true father," probably the Messiah, and only secondarily a theologian. In an effort to systematize Moon's teachings, several members of the Unification Church in Korea have put together a developing theological system in Divine Principle which is impressive in its imaginative nature, coherence, and consistency, if not in its Christian orthodoxy. As the most complete expression of Moonist teachings to date, Divine Principle is the basic text of the Unification Church. The two major divisions of the system are the doctrines of Creation and Restoration. There are many subsets to these major divisions, but Creation and Restoration are the foci for the Moonist theological system."
  70. ^ Sontag, Fredrick (1977). Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. Abingdon. p. 102. ISBN 0-687-40622-6.
  71. ^ a b Sontag, Fredrick (1977). Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. Abingdon. p. 107. ISBN 0-687-40622-6.
  72. ^ Sontag, Fredrick (1977). Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. Abingdon. p. 108. ISBN 0-687-40622-6.
  73. ^ education, Elaine Woo Elaine Woo is a Los Angeles native who has written for her hometown paper since 1983 She covered public; Local, Filled a Variety of Editing Assignments Before Joining "the Dead Beat"-News Obituaries – Where She Has Produced Artful Pieces on Celebrated; national; Figures, International; Mailer, including Norman; Child, Julia; in 2015, Rosa Parks She left The Times (3 September 2012). "Sun Myung Moon dies at 92; led controversial Unification Church". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 August 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ "Image of Moon's arrival" (JPG). Retrieved 29 April 2006.
  75. ^ Kety Quits Moon-Linked ICF Conference Archived 20 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine Harvard Crimson, 10 August 1976.
  76. ^ "ICUS". www.icus.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  77. ^ Church Spends Millions On Its Image The Washington Post. 17 September 1984
  78. ^ "Kety Quits Moon-Linked ICF Conference - News - The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  79. ^ Eugene Paul Wigner Papers Archived 24 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Princeton University Library
  80. ^ Sherwood, Carlton; Regnery, Alfred S. (1991). "Publishers preface". Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon. Regnery Gateway. p. viii. ISBN 978-0-89526-532-6.
  81. ^ Moon's Japanese Profits Bolster Efforts in U.S., Washington Post, 16 September 2008.
  82. ^ "Clerics Urge Pardon For Rev. Moon". Chicago Tribune. 21 August 1985. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  83. ^ "Arguments Heard in Moon's Appeal". The New York Times. 24 March 1983.
  84. ^ Raspberry, William, "Did Unpopular Moonie Get a Fair Trial?", The Washington Post, 19 April 1984
  85. ^ "The Unification Church Aims a Major Public Relations Effort at Christian Leaders", Christianity Today, 19 April 1985.
  86. ^ Moon's financial rise and fall, Harvard Crimson, 11 October 1984.
  87. ^ Sherwood, Carlton (1991). Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway.
  88. ^ Kim, Jack (2 September 2012). "Moon, self-declared messiah of Unification Church". Reuters. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  89. ^ "Sun Myung Moon Paper Appears in Washington". The New York Times. 18 May 1982.
  90. ^ Hall, Mimi (22 March 2001). "Bush, aides boost access of conservative media". USA Today. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  91. ^ Glaberson, William (27 June 1994). "The Media Business; Conservative Daily Tries to Expand National Niche". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  92. ^ New business models for news are not that new, Nikki Usher, Knight Digital Media Center, 2008-12-17, "And the Washington Times' conservative stance pursues its agenda from the Rev. Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church."
  93. ^ Conservative Daily Tries to Expand National Niche, New York Times, 27 June 1994. That kind of political access has given The Times, after nearly a decade of publication, its own genuine, if limited, place in the capital's rich media mix. "It's the other half of the political picture, and without it I found I would be missing a lot of what was going on in conservative thinking," said Stephen G. Smith, news editor of the Knight-Ridder Newspapers bureau here. "While its circulation is small, its influence is out-sized." But The Washington Times has always been and remains a very expensive and unsuccessful business, losing an estimated $35 million a year. Part of The Times's problem is being the city's second-ranked daily newspaper during a deep advertising recession. The market is dominated in circulation and advertising by The Times's more liberal archrival, The Washington Post. Almost since it was started in 1982, The Times has seen its average weekday circulation hover at about 100,000, compared with nearly 800,000 for The Post. And The Times estimates that about two-thirds of its subscribers also take The Post.
  94. ^ Wemple, Erik (2 September 2012). "As the Rev. Moon goes, so goes the Washington Times?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2012. The Washington Times, it notes, took in $1 billion in subsidies over its first decade and was a favorite read for President Ronald Reagan.
  95. ^ Ahrens, Frank, "Moon Speech Raises Old Ghosts as the Times Turns 20", Washington Post, 23 May 2002. "As of this year, Moon and his businesses have plowed about $1.7 billion into subsidizing the Times, say current and former employees."
  96. ^ Chinni, Dante (2002). "The Other Paper: The Washington Times's role". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2006.
  97. ^ International religious summit at U.N. receives criticism Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Baptist Press, 28 August 2000.
  98. ^ "Peace Cup (South Korea)". RSSSF. Retrieved 14 June 2008.
  99. ^ Korean influence: PSV's Hiddink hoping to win Peace CupSports Illustrated 21 July 2003
  100. ^ South Korea to host global peace cup in JulySports Illustrated 6 May 2003
  101. ^ Bell, Jack (14 July 2003). "MetroStars Midfielder Knows About Comebacks". The New York Times.
  102. ^ "文鮮明師夫妻とサッカーの神様ペレ氏". www.chojin.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  103. ^ 네이버 책 :: 네이버는 책을 사랑합니다. Naver. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  104. ^ 문선명 자서전, 전국 목회자에 발송. Newspower.co.kr. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  105. ^ 문선명 총재 자서전 100만부 돌파. News.mk.co.kr. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  106. ^ 신경숙 소설 3위로 상승. News.mk.co.kr. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  107. ^ 덕혜옹주 4주 연속 1위. 4000news.com. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  108. ^ Sons Rise in a Moon Shadow, Forbes, 12 April 2010
  109. ^ 통일교 과천 교회 박준철 현직 목사 탈퇴 기자 회견 54가지 비리 폭로 (in Korean). Aspire7.net. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  110. ^ 통일교 과천 교회 박준철 현직 목사 탈퇴 기자 회견 54가지 비리 폭로. Happyhindol.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  111. ^ Yoon, Sangwon (15 August 2012). "Unification Church Says Leader Moon Is 'Gravely Ill'". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  112. ^ "The Rev Sun Myung Moon". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  113. ^ Brown, Emma (2 September 2012). "Sun Myung Moon dies at 92; Washington Times owner led the Unification Church". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  114. ^ "Sun Myung Moon illness 'irreversible': Unification Church". The Raw Story. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  115. ^ "The Rev. Sun Myung Moon, founder of The Times, dies at 92", Washington The Washington Times, 9 February 2012.
  116. ^ Kang, Seongbin; Chung, Jane (15 September 2012). "Unification Church head Sun Myung Moon buried in Korea". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  117. ^ "Korean denies influence peddling". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  118. ^ The Way of Restoration, (April 1972)
  119. ^ "Moon's 'Cause' Takes Aim at Communism in Americas", The Washington Post, 28 August 1983.
  120. ^ Sun Myung Moon's Followers Recruit Christians to Assist in Battle Against Communism Christianity Today 15 June 1985
  121. ^ Church Spends Millions On Its Image, The Washington Post, 17 September 1984. "Another church political arm, Causa International, which preaches a philosophy it calls "God-ism," has been spending millions of dollars on expense-paid seminars and conferences for Senate staffers, Hispanic Americans and conservative activists. It also has contributed $500,000 to finance an anticommunist lobbying campaign headed by John T. (Terry) Dolan, chairman of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC)."
  122. ^ Public TV Tilts Toward Conservatives, Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting "While conservatives dismiss Bill Moyers' world-class documentaries on our constitutional checks and balances as "propaganda," they never mention PBS's airing of unabashed right-wing agitprop films such as Nicaragua Was Our Home (the pro-contra film produced by Rev. Sun Myung Moon's CAUSA, which funded the contras after Congress' ban)...."
  123. ^ Scott, Peter Dale; Marshall, Jonathan (1998). Cocaine politics drugs, armies, and the CIA in Central America (Updated ed., Updated pbk. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0520214491.
  124. ^ Projections about a post-Soviet world-twenty-five years later. // Goliath Business News
  125. ^ a b "Washington Times updates style guide, conservatives up in arms". Salon.com. 27 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  126. ^ a b News and Curiosities, Prospect, September 2006
  127. ^ "mk 뉴스 – 金장례식에 日여자마술사 초청한 까닭". News.mk.co.kr. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  128. ^ 'Moonies' launch political party in S Korea,The Independent (South Africa), 10 March 2003
  129. ^ 자유게시판. Unikorea.go.kr. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  130. ^ a b "Moon Sun Myung Awarded National Reunification Prize", Korean Central News Agency, 7 September 2012, archived from the original on 29 July 2014, retrieved 13 September 2012
  131. ^ "About the Founders". Universal Peace Federation: A Global Network of Peacbuilders. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  132. ^ "Congressional papers of the Chamber of Deputies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  133. ^ "Congressional papers of the Chamber of Deputies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  134. ^ "Congressional papers of the Chamber of Deputies" (PDF). Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  135. ^ Ghouse, Mike (21 February 2012). "Commitment to Israel-Palestine, Part 2". HuffPost.
  136. ^ Kempley, Rita (17 September 1982). "Mooning Over MacArthur". The Washington Post. p. Weekend at the Movies; Pg. 13.
  137. ^ "Soccer World News//World Roundup". cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  138. ^ Eng, Monica, Delroy Alexander, and David Jackson "Sushi and Rev. Moon: How Americans' growing appetite for sushi is helping to support his controversial church", Chicago Tribune, 11 April 2006.
  139. ^ "Tooth and Claw | CAA". Alumni.berkeley.edu. 27 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  140. ^ "Policy Reform and Equity – Extending the Benefits of Development" (PDF). usaid.gov. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  141. ^ Kirk, Donald, No, Not Yet. Palaver in Pyongyang doesn't signal a northern manufacturing itch from Korea's conglomerates. Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Forbes, 29 October 2007.
  142. ^ Demick, Barbara, "Who gave N. Korea those power tools?", Los Angeles Times, 27 September 2008.
  143. ^ "National News Briefs; Unification Church Head Charged in Fishing Case". The New York Times. 31 August 2000.
  144. ^ a b 여수 거문도에 관광호텔 준공. News.jeonnam.go.kr. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  145. ^ "Yeosoo EXPO Hotel". Maiarc.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  146. ^ 도정활동25시 > 현장스케치. English.jeonnam.go.kr. 17 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  147. ^ "Governmental webpage of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea". News.jeju.go.kr. 3 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  148. ^ "Finance Today". Fntoday.co.kr. 14 January 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  149. ^ "2018 Winter Olympics". cupress.com. 27 May 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  150. ^ "Governmental web-page of Jeonnam City". jeonnam.go.kr. Retrieved 28 January 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  151. ^ Football (21 July 2005). "West Ham turn their attention to Baros". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  152. ^ "Governmental web-page of Daegu City". daegu.go.kr. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  153. ^ Restoration Through Indemnity And America's Role 23 March 1974
  154. ^ On the tax charges against him, in a speech at Foley Square in New York City (22 October 1981); published in a full page advertisement in The New York Times (5 November 1981), as quoted in US Court of Appeals document s:U.S. v. Sun Myung Moon 718 F.2d 1210 (1983)
  155. ^ Raspberry, William, "Did Unpopular Moonie Get a Fair Trial?", Washington Post, 19 April 1984
  156. ^ Gorenfeld, John (2008). Bad Moon Rising. PoliPointPress. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-9794822-3-6.
  157. ^ Leigh, Andrew (15 October 1989). "Inside Moon's Washington – The private side of public relations improving the image, looking for clout". The Washington Post. p. B1.
  158. ^ Knight-Ridder Newspapers (20 December 1987). "Unification Church funnels millions to U.S. conservatives". The Dallas Morning News. The Dallas Morning News Company. p. 4A.
  159. ^ Hatch, Walter (13 February 1989). "Big names lend luster to group's causes – Church leader gains legitimacy among U.S. conservatives". The Seattle Times. Seattle Times Company. p. A1.
  160. ^ Families Arrive in Washington For March Called by Farrakhan, New York Times, 16 October 2000
  161. ^ Million Family March reaches out to all Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  162. ^ "Nation of Islam – who are they?". BBC. 21 July 2001. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  163. ^ Sewell, Rhonda B. (28 February 2003). "Korean Culture Takes the Stage". The Blade. p. D11. The colors, sounds, and heritage of South Korea will come alive tonight as the Little Angels, an all-girls Korean folk ballet company, performs in the Ritz Theatre in Tiffin... The company was founded in 1962 by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon and his wife, Hak Ja Han, as a way to project a positive image of the country...
  164. ^ Robertson, Allen (29 July 2001). "A Small Place Reaches for Ballet's Big Time". The New York Times.
  165. ^ Kim, James S. (11 March 2015). "South Korean Ballerina Hee Seo Dazzles in 'The Sleeping Beauty' Archived 12 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine". KoreAm. Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  166. ^ a b c d Sushi and Rev. Moon: How Americans' growing appetite for sushi is helping to support his controversial church Chicago Tribune, April 11, 2006
  167. ^ Fromson, Daniel (5 November 2021). "The Untold Story of Sushi in America". The New York Times.
  168. ^ a b Moore, Elizabeth Armstrong (14 June 2006). "Holy Mackerel!". wweek.com. Willamette Week. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  169. ^ "Moon's church settles into quiet fishing town". Rome News-Tribune. 27 November 1985.[permanent dead link‍]
  170. ^ Philippines political leader visits Kodiak, Kodiak Mirror, September 14, 2010
  171. ^ Horton, Hal Jr. (13 July 2000). "I'm a Moonie and I Love it!". Archived from the original on 15 May 2003.
  172. ^ Unification Church "means business" with Las Vegas facility, Las Vegas Sun, 9-2-2011
  173. ^ Innovative Sport Fishing Boat to Be Unveiled in Las Vegas, Boating World, 8-18-2011
  174. ^ Moon Gets Honorary Degree From Argentine at the U.N. / New York Times, 17 November 1984
  175. ^ 학교법인 선문학원, 제7대 한학자 이사장 취임 : 대학뉴스 : 사회 : 뉴스 : 한겨레. The Hankyoreh. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  176. ^ "Мир Религий // Досье // Мун Сон Мён". Religio.ru. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  177. ^ "Ministry of Unification of the Republic of Korea, official webpage". Unikorea.go.kr. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  178. ^ "Around The Nation: Divinity School Awards Moon Honorary Degree". The New York Times. 13 May 1985.
  179. ^ Babington, Charles; Alan Cooperman (23 June 2004). "The Rev. Moon Honored at Hill Reception – Lawmakers Say They Were Misled". The Washington Post. pp. A01.
  180. ^ "Lawmakers Scurry From the Light". The New York Times. 27 June 2004. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  181. ^ globalreach.com, Global Reach Internet Productions, LLC - Ames, IA -. "$1M Sunhak Peace Prize names first two winners". www.worldfoodprize.org. Retrieved 18 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  182. ^ 데얀, K리그 MVP..감독상은 최용수 '서울 천하'(종합). 3 December 2012.
  183. ^ '축구로 세계평화를…' 고(故) 문선명 통일교 총재, K리그 공로패. 3 December 2012.
  184. ^ North Korean leader extends condolences over 1 yr anniversary of Unification Church founder death Archived 25 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Yonhap News, 20 August 2013
  185. ^ "Full Text: Tsvangirai Speech in South Korea - ZimEye". www.zimeye.org. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  186. ^ "The Independent: "Trump gives virtual speech"". Independent.co.uk. 13 October 2021.
  187. ^ "Huffington Post: "Trump hails Unification Church"". 13 September 2021.
  188. ^ a b Rodney Sawatsky, 1978, Dialogue with the Moonies Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Theology Today.
  189. ^ Mad About Moon, Time Magazine, 10 November 1975
  190. ^ Daske, D. and Ashcraft, W. 2005, New Religious Movements, New York: New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-0702-5 p142
  191. ^ Yamamoto, J. 1995, Unification Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Press, ISBN 0-310-70381-6 p40
  192. ^ Walter Ralston Martin, Ravi K. Zacharias, The Kingdom of the Cults, Bethany House, 2003, ISBN 0764228218 pages 368-370
  193. ^ Helm, S. Divine Principle and the Second Advent Archived 21 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Christian Century 11 May 1977.
  194. ^ Thomas Ward, 2006, Give and Forget
  195. ^ "The Resurrection of Reverend Moon". Frontline. PBS. 21 January 1992. Archived from the original on 7 January 2011.
  196. ^ Sun Myung Moon Changes Robes, New York Times, 21 January 1992
  197. ^ Spiritual warfare: the politics of the Christian right, Sara Diamond (sociologist), 1989, Pluto Press, Page 58
  198. ^ Ex-aide of Moon Faces Citation for Contempt, Associated Press, Eugene Register-Guard, 5 August 1977
  199. ^ excerpt Archived 29 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine The Unification Church Studies in Contemporary Religion, Massimo Introvigne, 2000, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, ISBN 1-56085-145-7 "From a different perspective, it is true that participation of people who are not members of the Unification Church in certain Unificationist activities, such as marriage blessings, may be of concern to established churches. They perceive the possibility that their own members may become confused by their participation in such Unificationist activities and fear that they may in fact end up converting to Unificationism." -p 59–60
  200. ^ Moon at Twilight Archived 11 April 2001 at the Wayback Machine, Peter Maass, The New Yorker "The campaign has dismayed some church members, because a blessing from Moon used to be a hard-won privilege, typically attained only after a person had joined the church, worked in it for several years, and agreed to marry someone--usually a stranger--selected by Moon. But grumblings about the blessing campaign are just the beginning of Moon's current troubles."
  201. ^ "Archbishop launches married priests movement". wpherald.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  202. ^ The same old game Archived 15 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Ahram, 12–18 November 1998, "The Washington Times is a mouthpiece for the ultra conservative right, unquestioning supporters of Israel's Likud government. The newspaper is owned by Sun Myung Moon, originally a native of North Korea and head of the Unification Church, whose ultra-right leanings make him a ready ally for Netanyahu. Whether or not Netanyahu is personally acquainted with Moon is unclear, though there is no doubt that he has established close friendships with several staff members on The Washington Times, whose editorial policy is rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel."
  203. ^ As U.S. Media Ownership Shrinks, Who Covers Islam?, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 1997
  204. ^ John Warwick Montgomery and Thomas J. J. Altizer, The Altizer-Montgomery Dialogue: A Chapter in the God is Dead Controversy (InterVarsity Press, Chicago, 1967), p.7
  205. ^ "Richard L. Rubenstein Papers". www.americanjewisharchives.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  206. ^ "Rabbi Joins the Board of Moonie Newspaper", The Palm Beach Post, 21 May 1978
  207. ^ U. of Bridgeport Honors Rev. Moon, Fiscal Savior, New York Times, 8 September 1995
  208. ^ Moon, Sun Myung (2011). "Chapter three, part "A Church with No Denomination"" (PDF). As a peace-loving global citizen. [Washington, D.C.]: Washington Times Foundation. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-615-39377-3. OCLC 638962627.
  209. ^ Moon, Sun Myung. "The Family Federation for Cosmic Peace and Unification and the Cosmic Era of the Blessed Family". unification.net. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  210. ^ "The Unification Church and Homosexuality". www.ReligiousTolerance.org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Archived from the original on 2 August 2003. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  211. ^ Yamazaki, Hiroshi (10 August 2009). "Is it time for Japan-South Korea tunnel?". UPIAsia.com website. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
  212. ^ Divine Principle (translated 1966), Introduction Archived 28 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  213. ^ Irving Louis Horowitz, Science, Sin, and Society: The Politics of Reverend Moon and the Unification Church Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 1980, MIT Press
  214. ^ Peter Maass, Moon at Twilight, The New Yorker 14 September 1998.
  215. ^ Eugene V. Gallagher, 2004, The New Religious Movement Experience in America, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0313328072, page 23.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Sun Myung Moon.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Myung Moon.
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Sun Myung Moon
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Myung_Moon&oldid=1257021870#Twenty-first_century_events"