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.ua

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.ua
IntroducedDecember 1, 1992 (1992-12-01)
TLD typeCountry code top-level domain
StatusActive
RegistryHostmaster Ltd.
Intended useEntities connected with Ukraine
Actual usePopular in Ukraine
Registered domains549,180 (Jan 2021)[1]
Registration restrictionsMust be the owner of a trade mark registered in Ukraine for second-level domains (and may only register if the domain name is the same as the trade mark); no restrictions for third-level domains
DocumentsPolicy documents
Dispute policiesDomain dispute resolution policy
DNSSECYes
Registry websitehostmaster.ua

.ua is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ukraine. To register at the second-level (example) domainname.ua, possession of the exact trademark (matching the domain name) is required. It is not required for third-level domains (.com.ua, .net.ua, etc.).

History

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  • 1 December 1992: Registered in root zone
  • 13 April 2012: DNSSEC enabled in root zone
  • 26 February 2022: Domain servers transferred out of Kyiv for continuity reasons amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[2]

Third-level & second-level domains

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To remove the risk of cybersquatting, registration of second-level domains directly below .ua is restricted to owners of registered trade marks, who may register a domain name similar to that of the trade mark in question.

However, third-level domains can be registered beneath some of the following:[3]

Generic domains

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  • .com.ua:[4] paid, commercial organizations
  • .in.ua:[5] paid, domains for individuals
  • .org.ua:[6] paid, other organizations (non-commercial)
  • .net.ua:[7] paid, network service providers

Special domains

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  • .edu.ua:[8] free, available only to proved educational organisations.
  • .gov.ua:[9] free, available only to governmental organizations
  • .mil.ua: free, available only to armed forces
  • .dod.ua

Geographical domains

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There are also second-level domains which are region-specific. These are less popular than the above list (making domain names more available) but they are sometimes restricted to organisations exclusively from within the region.

Mirror domains

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When registering a domain name in one of the mirror domains, a domain name of the same name in the second (other) mirror domain will automatically be reserved for the registrant.

Geographic domains where new registrations have been terminated

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Reserved domain names

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The administrators of the .UA ccTLD have decided to reserve public domains with transliterations of Ukrainian names for most Ukrainian geographical domains. Geographical public domains, initially based on phone area codes, were allocated during a conference of Ukrainian internet specialists in Slavsko in January 1993, following the delegation of the .UA country code top-level domain. Initially, these domains were mostly transliterations of Russian city names (e.g., kiev.ua, kirovograd.ua, sebastopol.ua). As the Internet transitioned from experimental to mainstream technology, new requirements and discussions for alternative names emerged. In December 1997, shorter, easier-to-remember two-letter names were introduced (e.g., ivano-frankivsk.ua became if.ua). The introduction of these new names aimed to address inherent flaws without replacing old names, allowing parallel registration in both traditional and new domains. These changes, led by domain administrators Dmytro Kohmanyuk, Ihor Svyrydon, and Hostmaster LLC, will ensure Ukrainian transliterations are reserved and mirrored to existing geographical domains, available to administrators by autumn 2008, contingent on compliance with .UA domain rules.[11]

Technological domains

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  • admin.ua
  • ipv6.ua
  • ns.ua
  • ua.ua
  • www.ua
  • xn--mqa.ua
  • dnssec.ua
  • rdap.ua
  • epp1.ua
  • epp2.ua

Statistics

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As of March 2017, around 10.78% of all the .ua domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate.[13] Nginx is the most popular web server, serving 68.97% of the .ua domains, followed by Apache serving 17.75% of the total .ua domains.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Доменна статистика .UA за підсумками 2020 року". hostmaster.ua (in Ukrainian). 22 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Сервера домену .UA переведено до країн Європи". hostmaster.ua (in Ukrainian). 26 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Public second-level domains". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  4. ^ "Summary on com.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  5. ^ "Summary on in.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  6. ^ "Summary on org.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  7. ^ "Summary on net.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  8. ^ "Summary on edu.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  9. ^ "Summary on gov.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  10. ^ "NIC.KS.UA". Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  11. ^ "Public domains in Ukrainian transliteration". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian). 26 December 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Domain names sicheslav.ua, secheslav.ua, yelysavethrad.ua, elisavetgrad.ua, zlatopil.ua, inhulsk.ua, kropyvnytskyi.ua are reserved". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian). 14 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Статистика українського інтернету". www.ukralio.com (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
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