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{{redirect|Hua Hua|the Chinese singer|Hua Chenyu}}
{{redirect|Hua Hua|the Chinese singer|Hua Chenyu|the giant panda|Hua Hua (giant panda)}}
{{short description|World's first cloned primates (born 2017)}}
{{short description|World's first cloned primates (born 2017)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
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'''Zhong Zhong''' ({{zh|c=中中|p=Zhōng Zhōng}}, born 27 November 2017) and '''Hua Hua''' ({{zh|s=华华|p=Huá Huá}}, born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical [[crab-eating macaque]]s (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]] (SCNT), the same [[cloning]] technique that produced [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] in 1996.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} They are the first cloned [[primate]]s produced by this technique. Unlike previous attempts to clone monkeys, the donated [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]] came from [[Stem cell#Fetal|fetal cells]], not [[embryonic stem cell|embryonic cells]].<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhen |last2=Cai |first2=Yijun |last3=Wang |first3=Yan |last4=Nie |first4=Yanhong |last5=Zhang |first5=Chenchen |last6=Xu |first6=Yuting |last7=Zhang |first7=Xiaotong |last8=Lu |first8=Yong |last9=Wang |first9=Zhanyang |last10=Poo |first10=Muming |last11=Sun |first11=Qiang |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30057-6 |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |access-date=24 January 2018 |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCINAT-20180124">Scholarly sources:
'''Zhong Zhong''' ({{zh|c=中中|p=Zhōng Zhōng}}, born 27 November 2017) and '''Hua Hua''' ({{zh|s=华华|p=Huá Huá}}, born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical [[crab-eating macaque]]s (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]] (SCNT), the same [[cloning]] technique that produced [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] in 1996. They are the first cloned [[primate]]s produced by this technique. Unlike previous attempts to clone monkeys, the donated [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]] came from [[Stem cell#Fetal|fetal cells]], not [[embryonic stem cell|embryonic cells]].<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhen |last2=Cai |first2=Yijun |last3=Wang |first3=Yan |last4=Nie |first4=Yanhong |last5=Zhang |first5=Chenchen |last6=Xu |first6=Yuting |last7=Zhang |first7=Xiaotong |last8=Lu |first8=Yong |last9=Wang |first9=Zhanyang |last10=Poo |first10=Muming |last11=Sun |first11=Qiang |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCINAT-20180124">Scholarly sources:
*{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Cyranoski |first=David |title=First monkeys cloned with technique that made Dolly the sheep – Chinese scientists create cloned primates that could revolutionize studies of human disease. |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=553 |issue=7689 |pages=387–388 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01027-z|pmid=29368720 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SA-20180124">{{cite web |last=Maron |first=Dina Fine |title=First Primate Clones Produced Using the "Dolly" Method – The success with monkeys could ignite new ethical debates and medical research |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/first-primate-clones-produced-using-the-ldquo-dolly-rdquo-method/ |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180124gk">{{cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |title=Yes, They've Cloned Monkeys in China. That Doesn't Mean You're Next. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/24/science/cloned-monkeys-china.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="News-20180124">Popular sources:
*{{cite journal |last=Cyranoski |first=David |title=First monkeys cloned with technique that made Dolly the sheep – Chinese scientists create cloned primates that could revolutionize studies of human disease. |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=553 |issue=7689 |pages=387–388 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01027-z|pmid=29368720 |bibcode=2018Natur.553..387C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SA-20180124">{{cite web |last=Maron |first=Dina Fine |title=First Primate Clones Produced Using the "Dolly" Method – The success with monkeys could ignite new ethical debates and medical research |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/first-primate-clones-produced-using-the-ldquo-dolly-rdquo-method/ |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180124gk">{{cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |title=Yes, They've Cloned Monkeys in China. That Doesn't Mean You're Next. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/24/science/cloned-monkeys-china.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="News-20180124">Popular sources:
*{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}
*{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}
*{{cite news |last=Hotz |first=Robert Lee |title=China Breaks a Cloning Barrier: Primates – The development heralds the possibility of genetically engineered primates for drug testing, gene editing and brain research |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-breaks-a-cloning-barrier-primates-1516813439 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref> The primates were born from two independent surrogate pregnancies at the Institute of Neuroscience of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="SD-20180124">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Meet Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, the first monkey clones produced by method that made Dolly|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180124123231.htm |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[Science Daily]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>
*{{cite news |last=Hotz |first=Robert Lee |title=China Breaks a Cloning Barrier: Primates – The development heralds the possibility of genetically engineered primates for drug testing, gene editing and brain research |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-breaks-a-cloning-barrier-primates-1516813439 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=24 January 2018 }}</ref> The primates were born from two independent surrogate pregnancies at the Institute of Neuroscience of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="SD-20180124">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Meet Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, the first monkey clones produced by method that made Dolly|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180124123231.htm |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[Science Daily]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>
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== Background ==
== Background ==
{{Wikinews|Healthy cloned monkeys born in Shanghai}}
{{Wikinews|Healthy cloned monkeys born in Shanghai}}
Since scientists produced the first cloned mammal [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] in 1996 using the [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]] (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats.<ref name="NYT-20180124gk" /> Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted more than 80 days. The main difficulty was likely the proper [[Reprogramming|programming]] of the transferred nuclei to support the growth of the embryo.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> [[Tetra (monkey)|Tetra]] (born October 1999), a female [[rhesus macaque]], was created by a team led by [[Gerald Schatten]] of the [[Oregon National Primate Research Center]] using a different technique, called "[[Cloning|embryo splitting]]". She is the first "cloned" primate by artificial twinning, which is a much less complex procedure than the DNA transfer used for the creation of Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua.<ref name="BBC-20000114">{{cite news |last=White-house |first=David |title=Scientists 'clone' monkey |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/602027.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=14 January 2000 |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>
Since scientists produced the first cloned mammal [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] in 1996 using the [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]] (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats.<ref name="NYT-20180124gk" /> Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted more than 80 days. The main difficulty was likely the proper [[Reprogramming|programming]] of the transferred nuclei to support the growth of the embryo.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> [[Tetra (monkey)|Tetra]] (born October 1999), a female [[rhesus macaque]], was created by a team led by [[Gerald Schatten]] of the [[Oregon National Primate Research Center]] using a different technique, called "[[Cloning|embryo splitting]]". She is the first cloned primate by artificial twinning, which is a much less complex procedure than the DNA transfer used for the creation of Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua.<ref name="BBC-20000114">{{cite news |last=White-house |first=David |title=Scientists 'clone' monkey |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/602027.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=14 January 2000 |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>


In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical [[Clone (cell biology)|cloned]] [[Genome editing|gene-edited]] monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, and the same gene-editing [[CRISPR]]-[[Cas9]] technique allegedly used by [[He Jiankui]] in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies [[Lulu and Nana]]. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.<ref name="EA-20190123a">{{cite news |author=Science China Press |title=Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |accessdate=24 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20190123">{{cite news |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess |url=https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |accessdate=24 January 2019 }}</ref>
In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical [[Clone (cell biology)|cloned]] [[Genome editing|gene-edited]] monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, and the same gene-editing [[CRISPR]]-[[Cas9]] technique allegedly used by [[He Jiankui]] in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies [[Lulu and Nana]]. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.<ref name="EA-20190123a">{{cite news |author=Science China Press |title=Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20190123">{{cite news |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess |url=https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref>


== Process ==
== Process ==
{{further|Somatic cell nuclear transfer}}
{{further|Somatic cell nuclear transfer}}
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua were produced by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in [[Shanghai]], led by Qiang Sun and [[Muming Poo]].<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> They extracted nuclei from the [[fibroblast]]s of an aborted fetal monkey (a [[crab-eating macaque]] or ''Macaca fascicularis'') and inserted them into [[egg cell]]s (ova) that had had their own nuclei removed.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The team used two [[enzyme]]s to erase the [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] memory of the transferred nuclei of being [[somatic cell]]s. This crucial [[reprogramming]] step allowed the researchers to overcome the main obstacle that had precluded the successful cloning of primates until now.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> They then placed 21 of these ova into surrogate mother monkeys, resulting in six pregnancies, two of which produced living animals.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The monkeys were named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, a reference to ''Zhonghua'' ({{zh|中华}}, a [[Names of China|Chinese name for China]]). Although the success rate was still low, the methods could be improved to increase survival rate in the future.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> By comparison, the [[Scotland]]-based team that created Dolly the sheep in 1996 required 277 attempts and produced only one lamb.<ref name="Utah">{{cite web| url = http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua were produced by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in [[Shanghai]], led by Qiang Sun and [[Mu-ming Poo]].<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> They extracted nuclei from the [[fibroblast]]s of an aborted fetal monkey (a [[crab-eating macaque]] or ''Macaca fascicularis'') and inserted them into [[egg cell]]s (ova) that had had their own nuclei removed.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The team used two [[enzyme]]s to erase the [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] memory of the transferred nuclei of being [[somatic cell]]s. This crucial [[reprogramming]] step allowed the researchers to overcome the main obstacle that had precluded the successful cloning of primates until now.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> They then placed 21 of these ova into surrogate mother monkeys, resulting in six pregnancies, two of which produced living animals.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The monkeys were named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, a reference to ''Zhonghua'' ({{zh|中华}}, a [[Names of China|Chinese name for China]]). Although the success rate was still low, the methods could be improved to increase survival rate in the future.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> By comparison, the [[Scotland]]-based team that created Dolly the sheep in 1996 required 277 attempts and produced only one lamb.<ref name="Utah">{{cite web| url = http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/
| title = The History of Cloning
| title = The History of Cloning
| author = Genetic Science Learning Center
| author = Genetic Science Learning Center
Line 56: Line 56:
==Implications==
==Implications==
{{See also|Human cloning|Ethics of cloning}}
{{See also|Human cloning|Ethics of cloning}}
According to [[Muming Poo]], the principal significance of this event is that it could be used to create genetically identical monkeys for use in [[Animal testing on non-human primates|animal experiments]]. Crab-eating macaques are already an established [[model organism]] for studies of [[atherosclerosis]],<ref name="Primatology">{{cite journal|title = Why Primate Models Matter
According to [[Mu-ming Poo]], the principal significance of this event is that it could be used to create genetically identical monkeys for use in [[Animal testing on non-human primates|animal experiments]]. Crab-eating macaques are already an established [[model organism]] for studies of [[atherosclerosis]],<ref name="Primatology">{{cite journal|title = Why Primate Models Matter
|first1= Kimberley A. | last1=Phillips | first2=Karen L. | last2=Bales | first3=John P. | last3=Capitanio | first4=Alan | last4=Conley | first5=Paul W. | last5=Czoty | first6=Bert A. | last6=‘t Hart | first7=William D. | last7=Hopkins | first8=Shiu-Lok | last8=Hu | first9=Lisa A. | last9=Miller | first10=Michael A. | last10=Nader | first11=Peter W. | last11=Nathanielsz | first12=Jeffrey | last12=Rogers | first13=Carol A. | last13=Shively | first14=Mary Lou | last14=Voytko
|first1= Kimberley A. | last1=Phillips | first2=Karen L. | last2=Bales | first3=John P. | last3=Capitanio | first4=Alan | last4=Conley | first5=Paul W. | last5=Czoty | first6=Bert A. | last6=‘t Hart | first7=William D. | last7=Hopkins | first8=Shiu-Lok | last8=Hu | first9=Lisa A. | last9=Miller | first10=Michael A. | last10=Nader | first11=Peter W. | last11=Nathanielsz | first12=Jeffrey | last12=Rogers | first13=Carol A. | last13=Shively | first14=Mary Lou | last14=Voytko
|journal = American Journal of Primatology
|journal = American Journal of Primatology
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Wikinews|Healthy cloned monkeys born in Shanghai}}
{{Wikinews|Healthy cloned monkeys born in Shanghai}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gall/0,8542,627251,00.html |title=Gallery of cloned animals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312145353/https://www.theguardian.com/gall/0,8542,627251,00.html|archive-date=12 March 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gall/0,8542,627251,00.html |title=Gallery of cloned animals|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312145353/https://www.theguardian.com/gall/0,8542,627251,00.html|archive-date=12 March 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/01/13/monkey.cloning/ |title=Researchers clone monkey by splitting embryo}}
* {{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/01/13/monkey.cloning/ |title=Researchers clone monkey by splitting embryo}}
{{Stem cells}}
{{Stem cells}}
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[[Category:Macaca]]
[[Category:Macaca]]
[[Category:Science and technology in China]]
[[Category:Science and technology in China]]
[[Category:Animal duos]]

Latest revision as of 17:07, 28 October 2024

"Hua Hua" redirects here. For the Chinese singer, see Hua Chenyu. For the giant panda, see Hua Hua (giant panda).

Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua
中中 / 华华
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua at nearly 2 months of age
SpeciesMacaca fascicularis
SexFemale
BornZhong Zhong
(2017-11-27)27 November 2017
(age 6 years)
Hua Hua
(2017-12-05)5 December 2017
(age 6 years)
Shanghai, China
Nation fromChina
Known forFirst primates to be cloned using the somatic cell nuclear transfer method

Zhong Zhong (Chinese: 中中; pinyin: Zhōng Zhōng, born 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (Chinese: 华华; pinyin: Huá Huá, born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning technique that produced Dolly the sheep in 1996. They are the first cloned primates produced by this technique. Unlike previous attempts to clone monkeys, the donated nuclei came from fetal cells, not embryonic cells.[1][2][3][4][5] The primates were born from two independent surrogate pregnancies at the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai.[6]

Background

[edit]
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Since scientists produced the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep in 1996 using the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats.[4] Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted more than 80 days. The main difficulty was likely the proper programming of the transferred nuclei to support the growth of the embryo.[3] Tetra (born October 1999), a female rhesus macaque, was created by a team led by Gerald Schatten of the Oregon National Primate Research Center using a different technique, called "embryo splitting". She is the first cloned primate by artificial twinning, which is a much less complex procedure than the DNA transfer used for the creation of Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua.[7]

In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, and the same gene-editing CRISPR-Cas9 technique allegedly used by He Jiankui in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.[8][9]

Process

[edit]
Further information: Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua were produced by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai, led by Qiang Sun and Mu-ming Poo.[1] They extracted nuclei from the fibroblasts of an aborted fetal monkey (a crab-eating macaque or Macaca fascicularis) and inserted them into egg cells (ova) that had had their own nuclei removed.[1] The team used two enzymes to erase the epigenetic memory of the transferred nuclei of being somatic cells. This crucial reprogramming step allowed the researchers to overcome the main obstacle that had precluded the successful cloning of primates until now.[3] They then placed 21 of these ova into surrogate mother monkeys, resulting in six pregnancies, two of which produced living animals.[1] The monkeys were named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, a reference to Zhonghua (Chinese: 中华, a Chinese name for China). Although the success rate was still low, the methods could be improved to increase survival rate in the future.[3] By comparison, the Scotland-based team that created Dolly the sheep in 1996 required 277 attempts and produced only one lamb.[10]

The scientists also attempted to clone macaques using nuclei from adult donors, which is much more difficult. They implanted 42 surrogates, resulting in 22 pregnancies, but there were still only two infant macaques, and they died soon after birth.[1]

Implications

[edit]
See also: Human cloning and Ethics of cloning

According to Mu-ming Poo, the principal significance of this event is that it could be used to create genetically identical monkeys for use in animal experiments. Crab-eating macaques are already an established model organism for studies of atherosclerosis,[11] though Poo chose to emphasize neuroscience, naming Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease when he appeared on the radio news program All Things Considered in January 2018.[12]

The birth of the two cloned primates also raised concerns from bioethicists. Insoo Hyun of Case Western Reserve University questioned whether this meant that human cloning would be next. Poo told All Things Considered that "Technically speaking one can clone human[s] ... But we're not going to do it. There's absolutely no plan to do anything on humans."[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Liu, Zhen; Cai, Yijun; Wang, Yan; Nie, Yanhong; Zhang, Chenchen; Xu, Yuting; Zhang, Xiaotong; Lu, Yong; Wang, Zhanyang; Poo, Muming; Sun, Qiang (24 January 2018). "Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer". Cell. 172 (4): 881–887.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020. PMID 29395327.
  2. ^ Scholarly sources:
  3. ^ a b c d Maron, Dina Fine (24 January 2018). "First Primate Clones Produced Using the "Dolly" Method – The success with monkeys could ignite new ethical debates and medical research". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  4. ^ a b Kolata, Gina (24 January 2018). "Yes, They've Cloned Monkeys in China. That Doesn't Mean You're Next". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  5. ^ Popular sources:
  6. ^ Staff (24 January 2018). "Meet Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, the first monkey clones produced by method that made Dolly". Science Daily. Cell Press. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  7. ^ White-house, David (14 January 2000). "Scientists 'clone' monkey". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  8. ^ Science China Press (23 January 2019). "Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  9. ^ Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (23 January 2019). "China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess". Gizmodo. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  10. ^ Genetic Science Learning Center. "The History of Cloning". University of Utah. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  11. ^ Phillips, Kimberley A.; Bales, Karen L.; Capitanio, John P.; Conley, Alan; Czoty, Paul W.; ‘t Hart, Bert A.; Hopkins, William D.; Hu, Shiu-Lok; Miller, Lisa A.; Nader, Michael A.; Nathanielsz, Peter W.; Rogers, Jeffrey; Shively, Carol A.; Voytko, Mary Lou (10 April 2014). "Why Primate Models Matter". American Journal of Primatology. 76 (9): 801–27. doi:10.1002/ajp.22281. PMC 4145602. PMID 24723482.
  12. ^ a b *Rob Stein (24 January 2018). "Chinese Scientists Clone Monkeys Using Method That Created Dolly The Sheep". National Public Radio. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
[edit]
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