William Laud: Difference between revisions

The Most Reverend and Right Honourable

William Laud
The Most Reverend and Right Honourable; William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury
	Portrait by Anthony van Dyck c. 1636
Church	Church of England
Diocese	Canterbury
In office	1633–1645
Predecessor	George Abbot
Successor	William Juxon
Orders
Ordination	5 April 1601
Consecration	18 November 1621; by George Montaigne
Personal details
Born	7 October 1573; Reading, Berkshire, England
Died	10 January 1645 (aged 71); Tower Hill, London, England
Buried	St John's College, Oxford
Education	Reading School
Alma mater	St John's College, Oxford
Signature
Sainthood
Feast day	10 January
Venerated in	Anglican Communion

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William Laud (LAWD; 7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was a bishop in the Church of England. Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Charles I in 1633, Laud was a key advocate of Charles I's religious reforms; he was arrested by Parliament in 1640 and executed towards the end of the First English Civil War in January 1645.

Laud believed in episcopalianism, or rule by bishops. "Laudianism" was a reform movement that emphasised liturgical ceremony and clerical hierarchy, enforcing uniformity within the Church of England, as outlined by Charles. Its often highly ritualistic aspects prefigure what are now known as high church views.

In theology, Laud was accused of Arminianism, favouring doctrines of the historic church prior to the Reformation and defending the continuity of the English Church with the primitive and medieval church, and opposing Calvinism. On all three grounds, he was regarded by Puritan clerics and laymen as a formidable and dangerous opponent. His use of the Star Chamber to persecute opponents such as William Prynne made him deeply unpopular.

Early life

Laud was born at Reading, Berkshire, on 7 October 1573, the only son of William Laud, a clothier,^[1] and Lucy, born Webbe, widow of John Robinson, another clothier of the town, and sister of Sir William Webbe, Lord Mayor of London. He was educated at Reading School and on 17 October 1589 matriculated to St John's College, Oxford,^[1] where he was taught by Thomas Holland. In 1593 he became a fellow of the college.^[2] He graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1594, Master of Arts in 1598 and Doctor of Divinity in 1608. When Laud was going through his exercises as a candidate for the degree of Bachelor in Divinity, in 1604, he contended "that there could be no true churches without diocesan episcopacy". For this the young aspirant was sharply and publicly rebuked by Holland, who presided on the occasion; and who severely reprehended the future Primate of All England as "one who sought to sow discord among brethren, and between the Church of England and the Reformed Churches abroad".^[3] While he was an undergraduate, Laud's tutor was John Buckeridge, who became president of St John's College in 1605.^[4]

Laud was ordained deacon on 4 January 1601 and priest on 5 April the same year. On 4 May 1603, he was one of the university proctors for the year.^[4]

Under James I

When Buckeridge left St John's in 1611, Laud succeeded him as president, but only after a hard patronage struggle reaching high circles at court. The rival candidate, John Rawlinson, was chaplain to Lord Ellesmere, who was both chancellor of the university and Lord Chancellor of England. Laud was chaplain to Richard Neile, who was Clerk of the Closet. Eventually, King James brushed aside irregularities in the election, settling matters in Laud's favour.^[5]

Laud became Dean of Gloucester in 1616. At Gloucester Cathedral he began ceremonial innovations with the communion table.^[6] By local custom, the table stood in the middle of the choir, as was then usual in a parish church, rather than at the east end as was typical of cathedrals. Laud believed he had the king's blessing to renovate and improve the run-down building, but he offended his bishop, Miles Smith.^[4]

Neile was Laud's consistent patron. Neile sought, but could not obtain, Laud's appointment as Dean of Westminster, a post that John Williams retained. But at the end of 1621, and despite the king's view of Laud as a troublemaker, Laud received the relatively unimportant see of St Davids.^[5]

Laud became a confidant of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, at the end of the reign. The Buckingham household employed John Percy (alias Fisher), a Jesuit, as chaplain, and the king wished to counter well-founded rumours that Percy was making Catholic converts there. In a three-day series of private debates with Percy in 1622, Laud was introduced to argue the Protestant case on the final day; pamphlets followed.^[7] He then displaced John Preston as religious adviser to the duke, a change that became clear around December 1624.^[8]

Under Charles I

Stained glass windows in the Chapter House, Canterbury Cathedral, depicting Henry IV, Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer and Laud

1625 to 1628

Laud ascended rapidly to a position of influence in the period 1626 to 1628, advancing not alone but with a group of like-minded clerics who obtained bishoprics.^[9] In 1626 he was translated from St David's to be Bishop of Bath and Wells^[1] and in September that year he took the court position of Dean of the Chapel Royal, vacant by the death of Lancelot Andrewes. A few years later, in 1633, he became Archbishop of Canterbury, when George Abbot died.^[4] He immediately changed the Chapel services to privilege prayer over preaching, since King Charles's views were the opposite of his father's.^[10]

Bishop of London and "Thorough"

In July 1628 Laud was translated from Bath and Wells to become Bishop of London, in moves that followed on from the death of Andrewes. After this breakthrough in church politics, it becomes meaningful to define "Laudians" or "Lauders" as his followers.^[11]

On the political stage, the personal rule of Charles I began in 1629 and Laud shortly became a key part of it, in alliance with Thomas Wentworth. Historian Mark Perry argues that by 1626 in private consultations with the king and Buckingham, and in his public role in the House of Lords, Laud was a highly effective parliamentarian and a key adviser and policy-maker.^[12] Laud distrusted parliamentary bargaining, and was always determined to resist all encroachments upon the royal prerogative, especially in matters of taxation. His strong positions were the focus of attack during his trial in 1644.^[13] When Wentworth was posted to Ireland in 1632, Laud brought his personal correspondence from him rapidly to the king's attention.^[14] It is in this correspondence, in 1633, that the term "Thorough" appears.^[15] In practical terms it meant the pursuit of ambitious policy objectives, on behalf of the king, disregarding special interests, and, particularly, legalistic prevarications.^[16] There were opponents at court: Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland, Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington and Queen Henrietta Maria.^[17] Cottington observed that Laud could not keep his temper in Council meetings, and by 1637 Laud found he could not follow Wentworth in imagining their push for rigid policies would succeed.^[18]

Archbishop of Canterbury

Altar, c. 1635, the centre of dispute between Puritans and Laudians, possibly consecrated by Laud himself

Laud was almost 60 years old when he became archbishop and, having waited for a decade to replace George Abbot, was no longer prepared to compromise on any aspect of his policy.^[19] Abbot's chaplains had licensed Histriomastix for publication in 1630; the book which attacked English theatre and Christmas celebrations, among others, had caused scandal when it appeared in late 1632. One of Laud's early moves was to bring in his own men as censors: Samuel Baker (who was chaplain to William Juxon), William Bray and Matthew Weeks.^[20]^[21] The operations of the censors, including William Haywood who joined them, became a focus of the Long Parliament as soon as it was convened in November 1640, and Laud ultimately had to answer for Haywood at his own trial.^[22]^[23]

Whereas Wentworth (who became the Earl of Strafford in early 1640) saw the political dangers of Puritanism, Laud saw the Calvinist movement's threat to the episcopacy. But the Puritans themselves felt threatened: the Counter-Reformation was succeeding abroad and Protestants were not winning the Thirty Years' War. In this climate, Laud's high church policy could be seen as sinister. A year after Laud's appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury, the ship Griffin left for America, carrying religious dissidents such as Anne Hutchinson, the Reverend John Lothropp and the Reverend Zechariah Symmes.

Laud's desire to impose uniformity on the Church of England was driven by a belief that this was his office's duty, but his methods seemed persecution to those of differing views. Thus, they had the unintended consequence of garnering support for the most implacable opponents of the Anglican compromise. In 1637, Histriomastix's author, William Prynne, was convicted of seditious libel along with John Bastwick and Henry Burton, and had their ears cropped and faces branded. Prynne reinterpreted the "SL" ("Seditious Libeller") branded on his forehead as "Stigmata Laudis". Laud also moved to silence his critic among the bishops, John Williams, who was convicted of various offences in Star Chamber. Contrary to Laud's expectation, Williams refused to resign as Bishop of Lincoln, and the Lords forced his release, after which Williams supported the impeachment of both Strafford (Wentworth) and Laud. Williams specifically urged the king not to commute Strafford's death sentence, and he was executed in 1641, months before Charles I promoted Williams to Archbishop of York (only to be re-imprisoned by Parliament and then join the King in Yorkshire upon his release).

Toward the end of his life, Charles I admitted that he had put too much trust in Laud, and allowed his "peevish humours" and obsession with points of ritual to inflame divisions within the Church: he warned his son not to rely on anyone else's judgment in such matters. Laud, on his side, could not forgive the king for allowing Strafford's execution and dismissed his royal master as "a mild and gracious Prince, that knows not how to be, or be made, great".^[24]

Trial and execution

Etching by Wenceslaus Hollar, Laud being tried for treason, with several people present labelled

The Long Parliament of 1640 accused Laud of treason and, in the Grand Remonstrance of 1641, called for his imprisonment.^[25] Laud was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he remained throughout the early stages of the English Civil War. Apart from a few personal enemies like William Prynne (and possibly Archbishop Williams), Parliament showed little eagerness to proceed against Laud; given his age (68 in 1641), most members would probably have preferred to leave him to die of natural causes. In the spring of 1644, he was brought to trial which ended without a verdict: as with Strafford, it proved impossible to point to any specific action seen as treasonable.

Parliament took up the issue and eventually passed a bill of attainder, under which Laud was beheaded on Tower Hill on 10 January 1645, notwithstanding being granted a royal pardon.^[26] As the common hangman of London, Richard Brandon carried out Laud's execution, just as he had, in May 1641, of the Earl of Strafford.^[27] Laud was buried in the chapel of St John's College, Oxford,^[1] his alma mater.

Legacy

Laud is remembered in the Church of England^[28] and the Episcopal Church of the United States with a commemoration on 10 January.^[29]

His collected works in seven volumes were published between 1847 and 1860 in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology.^[1]

Emeritus Professor at Cambridge, Patrick Collinson, an expert in Elizabethan Puritans, in 1980 published this rebuke of Laud in his book on the decades until 1625: "the greatest calamity ever visited upon the English Church".^[30]

In September 2016, following King's School, Gloucester, Reading School named their newest students' division Laud House after him.

The pun "give great praise to the Lord, and little Laud to the devil" ("laud" meaning, "praise", from the Latin word laudāre) is a joke attributed to Archibald Armstrong, Charles's court jester; Laud was known to be touchy about his diminutive stature.

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Yorke 1911.
^ Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 Labdon-Ledsam
^ McClure 1853, pp. 134–137.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gardiner 1892.
^ ^a ^b Milton 2009.
^ Platten & Woods 2012, p. 44.
^ Wadkins 2008.
^ Moore 2007, p. 146.
^ Towers 2003, p. 190.
^ Colclough 2003, p. 199.
^ Barry Coward (2008). A Companion to Stuart Britain. John Wiley & Sons. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-470-99889-2.
^ Parry, Mark (2015). "Bishop William Laud and the parliament of 1626". Historical Research. 88 (240): 230–248. doi:10.1111/1468-2281.12097. ISSN 0950-3471.
^ Parry, Mark (2017). "William Laud and the Parliamentary Politics of 1628–9". Parliamentary History. 36 (2): 137–158. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12292. ISSN 0264-2824.
^ J. F. Merritt (2003). The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621–1641. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-52199-4.
^ David Masson (1859). The life of John Milton: narrated in connexion with the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of his time. Macmillan and co. p. 527.
^ Joseph Robson Tanner (1928). English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century, 1603–1689. CUP Archive. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-06598-6.
^ Christopher Hill (2002). The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714. Psychology Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-415-26739-7.
^ Sharpe 1992, p. 142.
^ Trevor-Roper 1962, p. 42.
^ Sharpe 1992, p. 648.
^ Cooper 1885.
^ Freist, Dagmar (1997). Governed By Opinion: Politics, Religion and the Dynamics of Communication in Stuart London. I. B. Tauris. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-86064-110-7.
^ Goodwin 1891.
^ Trevor-Roper 1962, p. 409.
^ Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, ed. (1906). "The Grand Remonstrance, with the Petition accompanying it". The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660. Oxford University Press.
^ Wedgwood 1958, pp. 376–378.
^ "Richard Brandon, hangman and probable executioner of Charles I". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-9000099 (inactive 29 July 2024). Retrieved 23 June 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (link)
^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^ "William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1645". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ Collinson, Patrick (1984). The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society 1559–1625. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0198200536.

Sources

Cooper, Thompson (1885). "Baker, Samuel" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1892). "Laud, William" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Goodwin, Gordon (1891). "Haywood, William" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Colclough, David, ed. (2003). John Donne's Professional Lives. Studies in Renaissance literature. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-775-9.
McClure, Alexander Wilson (1853). The Translators Revived; A Biographical Memoir of the Authors of the English Version of the Holy Bible (1st ed.). Library of Congress.
Milton, Anthony (21 May 2009). "Laud, William (1573–1645)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16112. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Moore, Jonathan (2007). English hypothetical universalism : John Preston and the softening of reformed theology. Grand Rapids, Mich: William B. Eerdmans Pub. ISBN 978-0-8028-2057-0. OCLC 133465473.
Platten, S.; Woods, C. (2012). Comfortable Words: Polity, Piety and the Book of Common Prayer. SCM studies in worship and liturgy. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-04670-7.
Sharpe, Kevin (1992). The Personal Rule of Charles I. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05688-5.
Towers, S. M. (2003). Control of Religious Printing in Early Stuart England. Studies in modern British religious history. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-939-3.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1962). Archbishop Laud (2nd ed.). Archon. pp. 390–391. ASIN B0007G148O. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Wadkins, Timothy (3 January 2008). "Percy, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9499. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Wedgwood, C. V. (1958). The Great Rebellion: the King's war, 1641–1647. London: Collins. ISBN 9780002114042.
Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). "Laud, William" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–278.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by The Earl of Portland as Lord High Treasurer	First Lord of the Treasury 1635–1636	Succeeded by William Juxon as Lord High Treasurer
Church of England titles
Preceded by Richard Field	Dean of Gloucester 1616–1621	Succeeded by Richard Senhouse
Preceded by Richard Milbourne	Bishop of St David's 1621–1626	Succeeded by Theophilus Feild
Preceded by Arthur Lake	Bishop of Bath and Wells 1626–1628	Succeeded by Leonard Mawe
Preceded by George Montaigne	Bishop of London 1628–1633	Succeeded by William Juxon
Preceded by George Abbot	Archbishop of Canterbury 1633–1645	Vacant Title next held by William Juxon
Academic offices
Preceded by The 3rd Earl of Pembroke	Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1630–1641	Succeeded by The 4th Earl of Pembroke
Preceded by John Buckeridge	President of St John's College, Oxford 1611–1621	Succeeded by William Juxon
Preceded by George Abbot	Chancellor of the University of Dublin 1633–1645	Succeeded by The Marquess of Ormonde

[FOOTNOTEYorke1911-1] Yorke 1911.

[2] Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 Labdon-Ledsam

[FOOTNOTEMcClure1853134–137-3] McClure 1853, pp. 134–137.

[FOOTNOTEGardiner1892-4] Gardiner 1892.

[FOOTNOTEMilton2009-5] Milton 2009.

[FOOTNOTEPlattenWoods201244-6] Platten & Woods 2012, p. 44.

[FOOTNOTEWadkins2008-7] Wadkins 2008.

[FOOTNOTEMoore2007146-8] Moore 2007, p. 146.

[FOOTNOTETowers2003190-9] Towers 2003, p. 190.

[FOOTNOTEColclough2003199-10] Colclough 2003, p. 199.

[11] Barry Coward (2008). A Companion to Stuart Britain. John Wiley & Sons. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-470-99889-2.

[Parry2015-12] Parry, Mark (2015). "Bishop William Laud and the parliament of 1626". Historical Research. 88 (240): 230–248. doi:10.1111/1468-2281.12097. ISSN 0950-3471.

[Parry2017-13] Parry, Mark (2017). "William Laud and the Parliamentary Politics of 1628–9". Parliamentary History. 36 (2): 137–158. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12292. ISSN 0264-2824.

[14] J. F. Merritt (2003). The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621–1641. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-52199-4.

[15] David Masson (1859). The life of John Milton: narrated in connexion with the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of his time. Macmillan and co. p. 527.

[16] Joseph Robson Tanner (1928). English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century, 1603–1689. CUP Archive. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-06598-6.

[Hill2002-17] Christopher Hill (2002). The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714. Psychology Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-415-26739-7.

[FOOTNOTESharpe1992142-18] Sharpe 1992, p. 142.

[FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper196242-19] Trevor-Roper 1962, p. 42.

[FOOTNOTESharpe1992648-20] Sharpe 1992, p. 648.

[FOOTNOTECooper1885-21] Cooper 1885.

[22] Freist, Dagmar (1997). Governed By Opinion: Politics, Religion and the Dynamics of Communication in Stuart London. I. B. Tauris. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-86064-110-7.

[FOOTNOTEGoodwin1891-23] Goodwin 1891.

[FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper1962409-24] Trevor-Roper 1962, p. 409.

[25] Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, ed. (1906). "The Grand Remonstrance, with the Petition accompanying it". The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660. Oxford University Press.

[FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958376–378-26] Wedgwood 1958, pp. 376–378.

[27] "Richard Brandon, hangman and probable executioner of Charles I". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-9000099 (inactive 29 July 2024). Retrieved 23 June 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (link)

[28] "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.

[29] "William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1645". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 19 July 2022.

[30] Collinson, Patrick (1984). The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society 1559–1625. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0198200536.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Archbishop of Canterbury (1573–1645)}}
+{{Short description|Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645}}
 {{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
 {{Infobox Christian leader
+| type             = Bishop
-| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Reverend]] and [[Right Honourable]]
+| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Reverend]] and [[Right Honourable]]
-| name = William Laud
+| name             =
-| archbishop_of = [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
+| title            = [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
-| image = William Laud.jpg
+| image            = William Laud.jpg
-| imagesize =
-| alt      = Archbishop William Laud
+| image_size       =
+| alt              = Archbishop William Laud
-| caption  = Portrait by [[Anthony van Dyck]] {{circa}} 1736
+| caption          = Portrait by [[Anthony van Dyck]] {{circa}} 1636
-| church   = [[Church of England]]
-| diocese  = [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
+| church           = [[Church of England]]
+| diocese          = [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
-| birth_date = 7 October 1573
+| term             = 1633–1645
-| birth_place = [[Reading, Berkshire]], England
+| predecessor      = [[George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury)|George Abbot]]
-| death_date  = {{death date and age|df=yes|1645|01|10|1573|10|07}}
+| successor        = [[William Juxon]]
-| death_place = [[Tower Hill]], London, England
+<!---------- Orders ---------->
-| signature   = William Laud Signature.svg
+| ordination       = {{start date|1601|04|05|df=y}}
-| feast_day   = 10 January
+| consecration     = {{start date|1621|11|18|df=y}}
-| saint_title =
+| consecrated_by   = [[George Montaigne]]
-| ordination = 5 April 1601
+<!---------- Personal details ---------->
-| consecration = 18 November 1621
+| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1573|10|07|df=y}}
-| consecrated_by = [[George Montaigne]]
+| birth_place      = [[Reading, Berkshire]], England
-| term        = 1633–1645
+| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1645|01|10|1573|10|07}}
-| predecessor = [[George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury)|George Abbot]]
-| successor   = [[William Juxon]]
+| death_place      = [[Tower Hill]], London, England
-| education   = [[Reading School]]
+| buried           = [[St John's College, Oxford]]
+| religion         =
-| alma_mater  = [[St John's College, Oxford]]
+| profession       = <!-- or | previous_post = -->
+| education        = [[Reading School]]
+| alma_mater       = [[St John's College, Oxford]]
+| signature        = William Laud Signature.svg
+<!---------- Sainthood ---------->
+| feast_day        = 10 January
+| venerated        = [[Anglican Communion]]
 }}
-'''William Laud''' ({{respell|LAWD}}; 7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was a bishop in the [[Church of England]]. Appointed [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] by [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1633, Laud was a key advocate of [[Caroline era#Religion|Charles I's religious reforms]], he was arrested by [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in 1640 and executed towards the end of the [[First English Civil War]] in January 1645.
+'''William Laud''' ({{respell|LAWD}}; 7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was a bishop in the [[Church of England]]. Appointed [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] by [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1633, Laud was a key advocate of [[Caroline era#Religion|Charles I's religious reforms]]; he was arrested by [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in 1640 and executed towards the end of the [[First English Civil War]] in January 1645.
-A firm believer in [[Episcopal polity|episcopalianism]], or rule by bishops, "[[Laudianism]]" refers to liturgical practices designed to enforce uniformity within the Church of England, as outlined by Charles. Often [[Ritualism in the Church of England|highly ritualistic]], these were precursors to what are now known as [[high church]] views.
+Laud believed in [[Episcopal polity|episcopalianism]], or rule by bishops. "[[Laudianism]]" was a reform movement that emphasised liturgical ceremony and clerical hierarchy, enforcing uniformity within the Church of England, as outlined by Charles. Its often [[Ritualism in the Church of England|highly ritualistic]] aspects prefigure what are now known as [[high church]] views.
-In theology, Laud was accused of [[Arminianism in the Church of England|Arminianism]], favouring doctrines of the historic church prior to the Reformation and defending the continuity of the English Church with the primitive and mediaeval church, and opposing [[Calvinism]]. On all three grounds, he was regarded by [[Puritan]] clerics and laymen as a formidable and dangerous opponent. His use of the [[Star Chamber#Under the Stuarts|Star Chamber]] to persecute opponents such as [[William Prynne]] made him deeply unpopular.
+In theology, Laud was accused of [[Arminianism in the Church of England|Arminianism]], favouring doctrines of the historic church prior to the Reformation and defending the continuity of the English Church with the primitive and medieval church, and opposing [[Calvinism]]. On all three grounds, he was regarded by [[Puritan]] clerics and laymen as a formidable and dangerous opponent. His use of the [[Star Chamber#Under the Stuarts|Star Chamber]] to persecute opponents such as [[William Prynne]] made him deeply unpopular.
 ==Early life==
-Laud was born at [[Reading, Berkshire]], on 7 October 1573, the only son of William Laud, a clothier,{{sfn|Yorke|1911}} and Lucy, born Webbe, widow of John Robinson, another clothier of the town, and sister of Sir [[William Webbe (mayor)|William Webbe]], [[Lord Mayor of London]]. He was educated at [[Reading School]] and on 17 October 1589 matriculated to [[St John's College, Oxford]],{{sfn|Yorke|1911}} where he was taught by [[Thomas Holland (translator)|Thomas Holland]]. In 1593 he became a fellow of the college.<ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/alumni-oxon/1500-1714/pp921-955 Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 Labdon-Ledsam]</ref> He graduated  [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1594, [[Master of Arts]] in 1598 and [[Doctor of Divinity]] in 1608. When Laud was going through his exercises as candidate for the degree of Bachelor in Divinity, in 1604, he contended "that there could be no true churches without diocesan episcopacy". For this the young aspirant was sharply and publicly rebuked by Holland, who presided on the occasion; and who severely reprehended the future Primate of All England as "one who sought to sow discord among brethren, and between the Church of England and the Reformed Churches abroad".{{sfn|McClure|1853|pp=134-137}} While he was an undergraduate, Laud's tutor was [[John Buckeridge]], who became [[Master (college)|president]] of St John's College in 1605.{{sfn|Gardiner|1892}}
+Laud was born at [[Reading, Berkshire]], on 7 October 1573, the only son of William Laud, a clothier,{{sfn|Yorke|1911}} and Lucy, born Webbe, widow of John Robinson, another clothier of the town, and sister of Sir [[William Webbe (mayor)|William Webbe]], [[Lord Mayor of London]]. He was educated at [[Reading School]] and on 17 October 1589 matriculated to [[St John's College, Oxford]],{{sfn|Yorke|1911}} where he was taught by [[Thomas Holland (translator)|Thomas Holland]]. In 1593 he became a fellow of the college.<ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/alumni-oxon/1500-1714/pp921-955 Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 Labdon-Ledsam]</ref> He graduated [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1594, [[Master of Arts]] in 1598 and [[Doctor of Divinity]] in 1608. When Laud was going through his exercises as a candidate for the degree of Bachelor in Divinity, in 1604, he contended "that there could be no true churches without diocesan episcopacy". For this the young aspirant was sharply and publicly rebuked by Holland, who presided on the occasion; and who severely reprehended the future Primate of All England as "one who sought to sow discord among brethren, and between the Church of England and the Reformed Churches abroad".{{sfn|McClure|1853|pp=134-137}} While he was an undergraduate, Laud's tutor was [[John Buckeridge]], who became [[Master (college)|president]] of St John's College in 1605.{{sfn|Gardiner|1892}}
 Laud was ordained deacon on 4 January 1601 and priest on 5 April the same year. On 4 May 1603, he was one of the university proctors for the year.{{sfn|Gardiner|1892}}
 ==Under James I==
-When Buckeridge left St John's in 1611, Laud succeeded him as president, but only after a hard patronage struggle reaching high circles at court. The rival candidate, [[John Rawlinson (clergyman)|John Rawlinson]], was chaplain to [[Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley|Lord Ellesmere]], who was both chancellor of the university and [[Lord Chancellor]] of England. Laud was chaplain to [[Richard Neile]], who was [[Clerk of the Closet]]. Eventually King James brushed aside irregularities in the election, settling matters in Laud's favour.{{sfn|Milton|2009}}
+When Buckeridge left St John's in 1611, Laud succeeded him as president, but only after a hard patronage struggle reaching high circles at court. The rival candidate, [[John Rawlinson (clergyman)|John Rawlinson]], was chaplain to [[Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley|Lord Ellesmere]], who was both chancellor of the university and [[Lord Chancellor]] of England. Laud was chaplain to [[Richard Neile]], who was [[Clerk of the Closet]]. Eventually, King James brushed aside irregularities in the election, settling matters in Laud's favour.{{sfn|Milton|2009}}
 Laud became [[Dean of Gloucester]] in 1616. At [[Gloucester Cathedral]] he began ceremonial innovations with the [[communion table]].{{sfn | Platten | Woods | 2012 | p=44}} By local custom, the table stood in the middle of the [[choir (architecture)|choir]], as was then usual in a parish church, rather than at the east end as was typical of cathedrals. Laud believed he had the king's blessing to renovate and improve the run-down building, but he offended his bishop, [[Miles Smith (bishop)|Miles Smith]].{{sfn|Gardiner|1892}}
-Neile was Laud's consistent patron. Neile sought, but could not obtain, Laud's appointment as [[Dean of Westminster]], a post that [[John Williams (archbishop of York)|John Williams]] retained. But at the end of 1621, and despite the king's view of Laud as a troublemaker, Laud received the relatively unimportant see as [[Bishop of St David's]].{{sfn|Milton|2009}}
+Neile was Laud's consistent patron. Neile sought, but could not obtain, Laud's appointment as [[Dean of Westminster]], a post that [[John Williams (archbishop of York)|John Williams]] retained. But at the end of 1621, and despite the king's view of Laud as a troublemaker, Laud received the relatively unimportant see of [[Diocese of St Davids|St Davids]].{{sfn|Milton|2009}}
 Laud became a confidant of [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], at the end of the reign. The Buckingham household employed [[John Percy (Jesuit)|John Percy]] (''alias'' Fisher), a [[Jesuit]], as chaplain, and the king wished to counter well-founded rumours that Percy was making Catholic converts there. In a three-day series of private debates with Percy in 1622, Laud was introduced to argue the Protestant case on the final day; pamphlets followed.{{sfn|Wadkins|2008}} He then displaced [[John Preston (clergyman)|John Preston]] as religious adviser to the duke, a change that became clear around December 1624.{{sfn | Moore | 2007 | p=146}}
@@ Line 55: / Line 62: @@
 Laud ascended rapidly to a position of influence in the period 1626 to 1628, advancing not alone but with a group of like-minded clerics who obtained bishoprics.{{sfn | Towers | 2003 | p=190}} In 1626 he was translated from St David's to be [[Bishop of Bath and Wells]]{{sfn|Yorke|1911}} and in September that year he took the court position of [[Dean of the Chapel Royal]], vacant by the death of [[Lancelot Andrewes]]. A few years later, in 1633, he became Archbishop of Canterbury, when [[George Abbot (bishop)|George Abbot]] died.{{sfn|Gardiner|1892}} He immediately changed the Chapel services to privilege prayer over preaching, since King Charles's views were the opposite of his father's.{{sfn|Colclough|2003|p=199}}
-==Bishop of London and "Thorough"==
+===Bishop of London and "Thorough"===
 In July 1628 Laud was translated from [[Bath and Wells]] to become [[Bishop of London]], in moves that followed on from the death of Andrewes. After this breakthrough in church politics, it becomes meaningful to define "Laudians" or "Lauders" as his followers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barry Coward|title=A Companion to Stuart Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIkgk-HkQcUC&pg=PA259|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99889-2|page=259}}</ref>
-On the political stage, the [[personal rule of Charles I]] began in 1629 and Laud shortly became a key part of it, in alliance with [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Thomas Wentworth]]. Historian Mark Perry argues that by 1626 in private consultations with the king and Buckingham, and in his public role in the House of Lords, Laud was a highly effective parliamentarian and a key adviser and policy-maker.<ref name="Parry2015">{{cite journal|last1=Parry|first1=Mark|title=Bishop William Laud and the parliament of 1626|journal=Historical Research|volume=88|issue=240|year=2015|pages=230–248|issn=0950-3471|doi=10.1111/1468-2281.12097}}</ref> Laud distrusted parliamentary bargaining, and was always determined to resist all encroachments upon the royal prerogative, especially in matters of taxation. His strong positions were the focus of attack during his trial in 1644.<ref name="Parry2017">{{cite journal|last1=Parry|first1=Mark|title=William Laud and the Parliamentary Politics of 1628-9|journal=Parliamentary History|volume=36|issue=2|year=2017|pages=137–158|issn=0264-2824|doi=10.1111/1750-0206.12292}}</ref> When Wentworth was posted to Ireland in 1632, Laud brought his personal correspondence from him rapidly to the king's attention.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. F. Merritt|title=The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621–1641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMEFTTZOQSsC&pg=PA118|date= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52199-4|page=118}}</ref> It is in this correspondence, in 1633, that the term "[[Thorough]]" appears.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Masson|title=The life of John Milton: narrated in connexion with the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of his time|url=https://archive.org/details/lifejohnmiltonn00massgoog|year=1859|publisher=Macmillan and co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifejohnmiltonn00massgoog/page/n560 527]}}</ref> In practical terms it meant the pursuit of ambitious policy objectives, on behalf of the king, disregarding special interests, and, particularly, legalistic prevarications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Robson Tanner|author-link=Joseph Robson Tanner|title=English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century, 1603–1689|url=https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut0000tann|url-access=registration|date=1928|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-06598-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut0000tann/page/73 73]}}</ref> There were opponents at court: [[Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland]], [[Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington]] and [[Queen Henrietta Maria]].<ref name="Hill2002">{{cite book|author=Christopher Hill|author-link=Christopher Hill (historian)|title=The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqy5aHaHGXEC&pg=PA12|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-26739-7|page=12}}</ref> Cottington observed that Laud could not keep his temper in Council meetings, and by 1637 Laud found he could not follow Wentworth in imagining their push for rigid policies would succeed.{{sfn|Sharpe|1992|p=142}}
+On the political stage, the [[personal rule of Charles I]] began in 1629 and Laud shortly became a key part of it, in alliance with [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Thomas Wentworth]]. Historian Mark Perry argues that by 1626 in private consultations with the king and Buckingham, and in his public role in the House of Lords, Laud was a highly effective parliamentarian and a key adviser and policy-maker.<ref name="Parry2015">{{cite journal|last1=Parry|first1=Mark|title=Bishop William Laud and the parliament of 1626|journal=Historical Research|volume=88|issue=240|year=2015|pages=230–248|issn=0950-3471|doi=10.1111/1468-2281.12097}}</ref> Laud distrusted parliamentary bargaining, and was always determined to resist all encroachments upon the royal prerogative, especially in matters of taxation. His strong positions were the focus of attack during his trial in 1644.<ref name="Parry2017">{{cite journal|last1=Parry|first1=Mark|title=William Laud and the Parliamentary Politics of 1628–9|journal=Parliamentary History|volume=36|issue=2|year=2017|pages=137–158|issn=0264-2824|doi=10.1111/1750-0206.12292}}</ref> When Wentworth was posted to Ireland in 1632, Laud brought his personal correspondence from him rapidly to the king's attention.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. F. Merritt|title=The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621–1641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMEFTTZOQSsC&pg=PA118|date= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52199-4|page=118}}</ref> It is in this correspondence, in 1633, that the term "[[Thorough]]" appears.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Masson|title=The life of John Milton: narrated in connexion with the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of his time|url=https://archive.org/details/lifejohnmiltonn00massgoog|year=1859|publisher=Macmillan and co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifejohnmiltonn00massgoog/page/n560 527]}}</ref> In practical terms it meant the pursuit of ambitious policy objectives, on behalf of the king, disregarding special interests, and, particularly, legalistic prevarications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Robson Tanner|author-link=Joseph Robson Tanner|title=English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century, 1603–1689|url=https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut0000tann|url-access=registration|date=1928|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-06598-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut0000tann/page/73 73]}}</ref> There were opponents at court: [[Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland]], [[Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington]] and [[Queen Henrietta Maria]].<ref name="Hill2002">{{cite book|author=Christopher Hill|author-link=Christopher Hill (historian)|title=The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqy5aHaHGXEC&pg=PA12|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-26739-7|page=12}}</ref> Cottington observed that Laud could not keep his temper in Council meetings, and by 1637 Laud found he could not follow Wentworth in imagining their push for rigid policies would succeed.{{sfn|Sharpe|1992|p=142}}
 ===Archbishop of Canterbury===
@@ Line 69: / Line 76: @@
 Whereas Wentworth (who became the Earl of Strafford in early 1640) saw the political dangers of Puritanism, Laud saw the Calvinist movement's threat to the [[episcopacy]]. But the Puritans themselves felt threatened: the [[Counter-Reformation]] was succeeding abroad and Protestants were not winning the [[Thirty Years' War]]. In this climate, Laud's high church policy could be seen as sinister. A year after Laud's appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury, the ship ''Griffin'' left for America, carrying religious dissidents such as [[Anne Hutchinson]], the Reverend [[John Lothropp]] and the Reverend [[Zechariah Symmes]].
-Laud's desire to impose uniformity on the Church of England was driven by a belief that this was his office's duty, but his methods seemed persecution to those of differing views. Thus, they had the [[unintended consequence]] of garnering support for the most implacable opponents of the Anglican compromise. In 1637, ''Histriomastix's'' author, [[William Prynne]], was convicted of [[seditious libel]] along with [[John Bastwick]] and [[Henry Burton (Puritan)|Henry Burton]], and had their ears cropped and faces branded. Prynne reinterpreted the "SL" ("Seditious Libeller") branded on his forehead as "[[Stigmata]] Laudis". Laud also moved to silence his critic among the bishops, [[John Williams (archbishop of York)|John Williams]], who was convicted of various offences in [[Star Chamber]]. Contrary to Laud's expectation, Williams refused to resign as [[Bishop of Lincoln]], and the Lords forced his release, after which Williams supported the impeachment of both Strafford (Wentworth) and Laud. Williams specifically urged the king not to commute Strafford's death sentence, and he was executed in 1641, months before Charles I promoted Williams to Archbishop of York (only to be re-imprisoned by Parliament and then join the King in Yorkshire upon his release).
+Laud's desire to impose uniformity on the Church of England was driven by a belief that this was his office's duty, but his methods seemed persecution to those of differing views. Thus, they had the [[unintended consequence]] of garnering support for the most implacable opponents of the Anglican compromise. In 1637, ''Histriomastix's'' author, [[William Prynne]], was convicted of [[seditious libel]] along with [[John Bastwick]] and [[Henry Burton (Puritan)|Henry Burton]], and had their ears cropped and faces branded. Prynne reinterpreted the "SL" ("Seditious Libeller") branded on his forehead as "[[Stigmata]] Laudis". Laud also moved to silence his critic among the bishops, [[John Williams (archbishop of York)|John Williams]], who was convicted of various offences in [[Star Chamber]]. Contrary to Laud's expectation, Williams refused to resign as [[Bishop of Lincoln]], and the Lords forced his release, after which Williams supported the [[Impeachment in the United Kingdom|impeachment]] of both Strafford (Wentworth) and Laud. Williams specifically urged the king not to commute Strafford's death sentence, and he was executed in 1641, months before Charles I promoted Williams to Archbishop of York (only to be re-imprisoned by Parliament and then join the King in Yorkshire upon his release).
-Toward the end of his life, Charles I admitted that he had put too much trust in Laud, and allowed his "peevish humours" and obsession with points of ritual to inflame divisions within the Church: he warned [[Charles II of England|his son]] not to rely on anyone else's judgment in such matters. Laud, on his side, could not forgive the king for allowing Strafford's execution, and dismissed his royal master as "a mild and gracious Prince, that knows not how to be or be made great".{{sfn|Trevor-Roper|1962| p=409}}
+Toward the end of his life, Charles I admitted that he had put too much trust in Laud, and allowed his "peevish humours" and obsession with points of ritual to inflame divisions within the Church: he warned [[Charles II of England|his son]] not to rely on anyone else's judgment in such matters. Laud, on his side, could not forgive the king for allowing Strafford's execution and dismissed his royal master as "a mild and gracious Prince, that knows not how to be, or be made, great".{{sfn|Trevor-Roper|1962| p=409}}
 ===Trial and execution===
 {{further|Trial of Archbishop Laud}}
-[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Trial of Laud (State 2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Etching by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]], Laud being tried for treason, with several people present labelled]]
+[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Trial of Laud (State 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Etching by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]], Laud being tried for treason, with several people present labelled]]
-The [[Long Parliament]] of 1640 accused Laud of [[treason]] and, in the [[Grand Remonstrance]] of 1641, called for his imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur043.htm|title=The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660|chapter=The Grand Remonstrance, with the Petition accompanying it|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1906|editor-first=Samuel Rawson |editor-last=Gardiner}}</ref> Laud was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]], where he remained throughout the early stages of the [[English Civil War]]. Apart from a few personal enemies like [[William Prynne]] (and possibly Archbishop Williams), Parliament showed little anxiety to proceed against Laud; given his age (68 in 1641), most members would probably have preferred to leave him to die of natural causes. In the spring of 1644 he was brought to trial which ended without a verdict: as with Strafford, it proved impossible to point to any specific action seen as treasonable.
+The [[Long Parliament]] of 1640 accused Laud of [[treason]] and, in the [[Grand Remonstrance]] of 1641, called for his imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur043.htm|title=The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660|chapter=The Grand Remonstrance, with the Petition accompanying it|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1906|editor-first=Samuel Rawson |editor-last=Gardiner}}</ref> Laud was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]], where he remained throughout the early stages of the [[English Civil War]]. Apart from a few personal enemies like [[William Prynne]] (and possibly Archbishop Williams), Parliament showed little eagerness to proceed against Laud; given his age (68 in 1641), most members would probably have preferred to leave him to die of natural causes. In the spring of 1644, he was brought to trial which ended without a verdict: as with Strafford, it proved impossible to point to any specific action seen as treasonable.
-Parliament took up the issue and eventually passed a [[bill of attainder]], under which Laud was [[Decapitation|beheaded]] on [[Tower Hill, London|Tower Hill]] on 10 January 1645, notwithstanding being granted a royal pardon.{{sfn|Wedgwood|1958|pp=376–378}}
+Parliament took up the issue and eventually passed a [[bill of attainder]], under which Laud was [[Decapitation|beheaded]] on [[Tower Hill, London|Tower Hill]] on 10 January 1645, notwithstanding being granted a royal pardon.{{sfn|Wedgwood|1958|pp=376–378}} As the common hangman of London, [[Richard Brandon]] carried out Laud's execution, just as he had, in May 1641, of the Earl of Strafford.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Brandon, hangman and probable executioner of Charles I |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-9000099 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-9000099|doi-broken-date=29 July 2024 }}</ref> Laud was buried in the chapel of [[St John's College, Oxford]],{{sfn|Yorke|1911}} his [[alma mater]].
-Laud was buried in the chapel of [[St John's College, Oxford]],{{sfn|Yorke|1911}} his [[alma mater]].
 ==Legacy==
-Laud is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Commemoration (observance)|commemoration]] on 10 January.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> His collected works in seven volumes were published between 1847 and 1860 in the ''[[Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology]]''.{{sfn|Yorke|1911}}
+Laud is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> and the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|Episcopal Church of the United States]] with a [[Commemoration (observance)|commemoration]] on 10 January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1645 |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/william-laud/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Episcopal Church |language=en-US}}</ref>
+His collected works in seven volumes were published between 1847 and 1860 in the ''[[Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology]]''.{{sfn|Yorke|1911}}
 Emeritus Professor at Cambridge, [[Patrick Collinson]], an expert in Elizabethan [[Puritan]]s, in 1980 published this rebuke of Laud in his book on the decades until 1625: "the greatest calamity ever visited upon the English Church".<ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick |last=Collinson|title=The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society 1559–1625|publisher=Oxford University Press|date= 1984|page= 90|isbn=978-0198200536}}</ref>
@@ Line 89: / Line 97: @@
 In September 2016, following [[King's School, Gloucester]], [[Reading School]] named their newest students' division Laud House after him.
-The [[pun]] "give great praise to the Lord, and little Laud to the devil" is a joke attributed to [[Archibald Armstrong]], Charles's [[Jester|court jester]]; Laud was known to be touchy about his diminutive stature.
+The [[pun]] "give great praise to the Lord, and little Laud to the devil" ("laud" meaning, "praise", from the Latin word {{lang|la|laudāre}}) is a joke attributed to [[Archibald Armstrong]], Charles's [[Jester|court jester]]; Laud was known to be touchy about his diminutive stature.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 95: / Line 103: @@
 ==References==
-===Notes===
-{{notelist}}
 ===Citations===
 {{Reflist}}
@@ Line 106: / Line 111: @@
 *{{cite DNB|wstitle=Laud, William|volume=32|first=Samuel Rawson |last=Gardiner}}
 *{{cite DNB|wstitle=Haywood, William|volume=25|first=Gordon|last= Goodwin}}
-* {{cite book | editor-first=David | editor-last=Colclough |  title=John Donne's Professional Lives | publisher=D.S. Brewer | series=Studies in Renaissance literature | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-85991-775-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vehTu2WHAKEC&pg=PA199|chapter= }}
+* {{cite book | editor-first=David | editor-last=Colclough | title=John Donne's Professional Lives | publisher=D.S. Brewer | series=Studies in Renaissance literature | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-85991-775-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vehTu2WHAKEC&pg=PA199 | chapter= }}
-*{{cite book |first=Alexander Wilson|last=McClure |title=The Translators Revived; A Biographical Memoir of the Authors of the English Version of the Holy Bible|publisher=Library of Congress|edition=1st |date=1853|url=https://archive.org/details/translatorsreviv00mclu/page/134}}
+*{{cite book|first=Alexander Wilson|last=McClure|title=The Translators Revived; A Biographical Memoir of the Authors of the English Version of the Holy Bible|publisher=Library of Congress|edition=1st|date=1853|url=https://archive.org/details/translatorsreviv00mclu/page/134}}
-*{{cite ODNB|first=Anthony|last=Milton|id=16112|title=Laud,  William (1573–1645)|date=21 May 2009}}
+*{{cite ODNB|first=Anthony|last=Milton|id=16112|title=Laud, William (1573–1645)|date=21 May 2009}}
 * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Jonathan | title=English hypothetical universalism : John Preston and the softening of reformed theology | publisher=William B. Eerdmans Pub | publication-place=Grand Rapids, Mich | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-8028-2057-0 | oclc=133465473}}
 * {{cite book | last1=Platten | first1=S. | last2=Woods | first2=C. | title=Comfortable Words: Polity, Piety and the Book of Common Prayer | publisher=SCM Press | series=SCM studies in worship and liturgy | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-334-04670-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3GfTeT9NgQC&pg=PA44 }}
-*{{cite book |language=en |author-link=Kevin Sharpe (historian)|first=Kevin|last=Sharpe|title=The Personal Rule of Charles I|year=1992|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-05688-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/personalruleofch00kevi_0}}
+*{{cite book|language=en|author-link=Kevin Sharpe (historian)|first=Kevin|last=Sharpe|title=The Personal Rule of Charles I|year=1992|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-05688-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/personalruleofch00kevi_0}}
-* {{cite book | last=Towers | first=S.M. | title=Control of Religious Printing in Early Stuart England | publisher=Boydell Press | series=Studies in modern British religious history | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-85115-939-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8u87-D44jwC&pg=PA190 }}
+* {{cite book | last=Towers | first=S. M. | title=Control of Religious Printing in Early Stuart England | publisher=Boydell Press | series=Studies in modern British religious history | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-85115-939-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8u87-D44jwC&pg=PA190 }}
-* {{cite book |language=en |author-link=Hugh Trevor-Roper|first=Hugh|last= Trevor-Roper |title=Archbishop Laud|publisher= Archon |edition= 2nd |date=1962|pages= 390–391|asin=B0007G148O|url=https://www.questia.com/library/7910966/archbishop-laud-1573-1645 }}
+* {{cite book |language=en |author-link=Hugh Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |last=Trevor-Roper |title=Archbishop Laud |publisher=Archon |edition=2nd |date=1962 |pages=390–391 |asin=B0007G148O |url=https://www.questia.com/library/7910966/archbishop-laud-1573-1645 |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821173134/https://www.questia.com/library/7910966/archbishop-laud-1573-1645 |url-status=dead }}
 *{{cite ODNB|id=9499|date=3 January 2008|title=Percy, John|first=Timothy|last=Wadkins}}
-* {{cite book | last=Wedgwood | first=C.V. | title=The Great Rebellion: The King's war, 1641-1647 | publisher=Collins | series=The Great Rebellion | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0YrAAAAIAAJ | location=London}}
+* {{cite book |last=Wedgwood |first=C. V. |author-link=C. V. Wedgwood |title=The Great Rebellion: the King's war, 1641–1647 |publisher=Collins |year=1958 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0YrAAAAIAAJ |location=London |isbn=9780002114042 }}
 *{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Laud, William |volume=16 |pages=276–278 |first=Philip Chesney |last=Yorke}}
 {{refend}}
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+[[Category:Anglican liturgists]]
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 [[Category:People educated at Reading School]]
 [[Category:People executed by Stuart England by decapitation]]
-[[Category:People from Reading, Berkshire]]
+[[Category:Clergy from Reading, Berkshire]]
 [[Category:People from West Tilbury]]
 [[Category:Presidents of St John's College, Oxford]]
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 [[Category:17th-century Anglican theologians]]
 [[Category:16th-century Anglican theologians]]
+[[Category:Impeached British officials]]

v t e Anglicanism
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Theology	Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Thirty-nine Articles Lambeth Quadrilateral Sacraments Eucharist Mary Saints
Liturgy and worship	Book of Common Prayer 1549 1552 1662 1928 1962 1979 Anglican Use Morning / Evening Prayer Liturgical year Biblical canon Books of Homilies High / Low / Broad church
Related topics	Converts to Anglicanism Heraldry Ministry Monasticism Music Anglican prayer beads Anglicanism of the Americas Free Church of England Reformed Episcopal Church
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v t e British Lord High Treasurers under the House of Stuart (1603–1649; 1660–1714)
James I (1603–1625)	Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset (1603–1608) Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1608–1612) Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton (1612–1613) Thomas Egerton, 1st Baron Ellesmere (1613–1614) Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (1614–1618) George Abbot (1618–1620) Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester (1620–1621) Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex (1621–1624) James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1624–1625)
Charles I (1625–1649)	James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1625–1628) Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland (1628–1633) William Laud (1635–1636) William Juxon (1636–1641) Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (1641–1643) Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington (1643–1646)
Charles II (1660–1685)	Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (June–September 1660) Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton (1660–1667) George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1667–1670) Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1672–1673) Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds (1673–March 1679) Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex (March–November 1679) Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester (November 1679–1684) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1684–1685)
James II (1685–1688)	Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester (1685–1686) John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse (1687–December 1688)
William & Mary (1689–1694)	John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse (December 1688–April 1689) Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough (April 1689–March 1690) John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale (March 1690–November 1690) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (November 1690–1694)
William III (1694–1702)	Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1694–1697) Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax (1697–1699) Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville (1699–1700) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1700–1701) Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle (1701–1702)
Anne (1702–1714)	Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1702–1710) John Poulett, 1st Earl Poulett (1710–1711) Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer (1711–July 1714) Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury (July–October 1714)
Italics indicate service as First Lord of the Treasury when HM Treasury was ruled by Commission

v t e Archdeacons of Huntingdon, of Huntingdon and Wisbech and of Wisbech
High Medieval	Nicholas (Archdeacon of Cambridge, Huntingdon and Hertford) Henry of Huntingdon Hugh Nicholas de Sigillo Robert de Hardres William de Cornhill Robert de Hailes/of Hailes Philip de Fauconberg Gilbert de Tantone William de Arundel T. Robert de Hicche R. Roger of Raveningham William of Newark Roger Martival John de Colonna Walter Wutton/of Wootton
Late Medieval	Arnald de le Breto Guicard de le Breto James Berkeley Richard Brinchesle William Whittlesey Pedro Cardinal Gòmez de Barroso Fortanerius Vassalli John Swynle/Swynlegh John Lincoln of Grimsby William Welborne Eudo Zouche/la Zouche John Tibbay Richard Hethe William Lassells Richard Morsby Richard Hayman Vincent Clement John Morton John Blyth Thomas Hutton Robert Sherborne Christopher Urswick William Warham John Foster John Constable William Atwater Richard Rawlins William Knight
Early modern	Richard Gwent Anthony Draycot Robert Beaumont John Bullingham Robert Condall Nathan Gifford William Laud Owen Gwyn/Gwynne Richard Holdsworth Peter Mews William Johnson Henry Downhall Richard Perrinchief John Hammond White Kennett John Sturges William Lunn Timothy Neve Charles Jenner Nicholas Cholwell Michael Tyson Thomas Parkinson Thomas Middleton James Hook John Hollingworth Henry Yorke
Late modern	Francis McDougall Gerald Vesey Thomas Hodgson Kenneth Knowles William Uthwatt James Jones Arthur Royle Dennis Page David Young Richard Sledge John Beer Hugh McCurdy, Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech Richard Harlow, Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech
of Wisbech (1915–2004)	Colin Campbell James Srawley George Ward Seiriol Evans John Pelloe George Fox William Patterson David Fleming Jim Rone John Beer (Acting?)

v t e Deans of the Chapel Royal
Late Medieval	John de Wodeford John de Leek Thomas de Lynton John Boor Richard Kyngeston Richard Prentys Edmund Lacy Robert Gilbert Richard Praty John Croucher Robert Ayscogh William Say William Dudley John Gunthorpe William Chauntre Richard Hill Thomas Jane Richard Nikke Geoffrey Simeon
Early modern	William Atwater John Vesey Richard Sampson Thomas Thirlby George Carew James Montague Lancelot Andrewes William Laud Richard Steward Gilbert Sheldon George Morley Herbert Croft Walter Blandford Henry Compton Nathaniel Crew Henry Compton (again) John Robinson William Talbot Edmund Gibson