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{{short description|American historian and political scientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
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| name              = Randolph L. Braham
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| birth_name=Adolf Ábrahám
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1922|12|20}}
| birth_place       = [[Bucharest, Romania]]
| death_date        = {{dda|2018|11|25|1922|12|20}}
| death_place       = [[New York City]], U.S.
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| nationality       = American
| fields            = History and political science
| workplaces        = City College, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York
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'''Randolph Lewis Braham''' (December 20, 1922 – November 25, 2018) was an American historian and political scientist, born in Romania, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the [[City College of New York|City College]] and The [[Graduate Center]] of the [[City University of New York]]. A specialist in [[comparative politics]] and the [[Holocaust]], he was a founding board member of the academic committee of the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM), Washington, D.C., and founded The Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies at the Graduate Center in 1979.<ref name=Smith27Nov2018/><ref name=Roberts28Nov2018>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Sam|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/obituaries/randolph-braham-dead.html|title=Randolph Braham, 95, Holocaust Scholar Who Saw a Whitewash, Dies|date=November 28, 2018|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190306174729/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/obituaries/randolph-braham-dead.html|archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref>

Braham's career was spent teaching comparative politics and Soviet studies at [[The City College of New York]], where he chaired the political science department. He was the author or editor of over 60 books, authored or co-authored chapters in 50 others, and published a large number of scholarly articles. The vast majority of his published work deals with the [[Holocaust in Hungary]]. He became best known for his two-volume work ''The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary'', first published in 1981.<ref name=Smith27Nov2018>{{cite news|last=Smith |first=Harrison |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/randolph-l-braham-leading-historian-of-the-holocaust-in-hungary-dies-at-95/2018/11/27/1695d9aa-f257-11e8-aeea-b85fd44449f5_story.html|title = Randolph L. Braham, Leading Historian of the Holocaust in Hungary, Dies at 95|date=27 November 2018|newspaper = The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
===Background===
Born to a Jewish family in [[Bucharest]] (as Adolf Ábrahám, with the Hebrew name Avraham ben Itzhak ben Aryeh), the son of Lajos Ábrahám and Eszter Katz, Braham was raised in extreme poverty in [[Dej]], a historically Hungarian small town in [[Transylvania]].<ref name="Schveiger">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03422.html|title=Braham, Randolph Louis|last=Schveiger|first=Paul|year=2008|encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> He spent 1943–1945 in the so-called [[Labor service (Hungary)|Labor service]] of the Hungarian army in the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Ukraine]], slave-labor units of military-age Jews who ordinarily were murdered after major campaigns or before retreats. During the chaotic Hungarian collapse to the Soviets, Braham escaped and traveled homewards secretly through German-occupied Hungary.

During his escape to the West, in the Hungarian village of [[Nyíri]], he and four others were rescued from the Hungarian [[gendarmerie]] (working as an arm of the [[SS]]) by a Christian farmer, István Novák (d. 1983), who in 1985 was honored by [[Yad Vashem]] in Israel as [[Righteous Among the Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Righteous Among The Nations: Novák István (? – 1983) |url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4016634 |publisher=Yad Vashem |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190325220131/http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4016634 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2019 }}</ref> Never once in any of his published writings, until his 2014 open letter to the Hungarian community rejecting his honors from the Hungarian government, did Braham reveal that he himself was a survivor. In his magnum opus ''The Politics of Genocide,'' he did use as a photo illustration—perhaps the only one without a source reference—a photograph of his own dog tag.

In his oral testimony (1997) for the [[USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education|USC Shoah Foundation]] project, he describes ''inter alia'' the ordeals of his unit during the final year and winter on the Russian front attached to the Hungarian Army. These include the frequent hangings and tortures and that some of the men during that winter were reduced to marching barefoot and naked covered by only a blanket, defecating while walking. He also described how, during Army maneuvers, he and the other Jews were placed face down in rows in otherwise impassable swamps, for the troops and horse-drawn carriages and horse-drawn artillery to ride over.

===Move to America===
After arriving in the American Zone in Berlin, Braham served as a translator for the U.S. Army. His extended family was murdered in [[Auschwitz]], with the exception of his older sister, who was a prisoner there but survived. Braham emigrated to America in early 1948. Although forbidden as a Jew by the pre-World War II Hungarian government to attend [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] (high school), he received a [[B.Sci.]] in economics and government from [[The City College of New York]] later that year, a M.Sci. in education from City College (the education school has since moved) in 1949, and a [[Ph.D.]] in political science from [[The New School|The New School for Social Research]] in 1952. The next year he became an American citizen, changed his first and last names and adopted his father's name Lewis (occasionally cited incorrectly spelled "Louis").

==Career and research==
===Positions held===
Braham began his teaching career at CUNY in 1962 at The City College of New York, chaired the political science department there, and became a distinguished professor (CUNY's highest rank) in April 1987. He retired from active teaching in September 1992 and began his residence as professor  emeritus at the [[Graduate Center]] of the [[City University of New York]].

Braham was a member of the Academic Committee of the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], Washington, D.C., from  the Museum's earliest planning through May 2005 and participated in the Academic Committee's Fellowship Subcommittee from its inception in 1999; he also was a special advisor for the [[Museum of Jewish Heritage]], New York and for [[Yad Vashem]]. His works were used as major source books by courts of law in various countries, including Canada, Germany, Israel, and the United States in cases involving restitution and war crimes. Braham's memoirs, concluded in 2013, are on deposit at his archives at the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM). Included there are notable accounts of the difficult ways with which historians of the Holocaust have dealt with Soviet-bloc states and others unwilling to provide or hiding documentary evidence.

===Writing and lecturing===
In 1990, as reported in the ''Washington Post'', when appearing before the jury in the war-crimes trial of [[Imre Finta]], a Hungarian gendarmerie commander, Braham testified, ''My function is to pursue the truth&nbsp;... I try to comprehend the incomprehensible.'' And in  2014, in his open letter when returning his Hungarian honors, Braham wrote: ''As a survivor whose parents and many family members were among the hundreds of thousands of murdered Jews, [I] cannot remain silent&nbsp;... It was my destiny to work on the preservation of the historical record of the Holocaust.

In the 1998 [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[Academy Award for Documentary Feature]] [[The Last Days]], Braham provided contextual overviews of the Hungarian Holocaust. He was the subject of the documentary ''Rémálmok nyomában,''<ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDKrKzhx7rk3DE Rémálmok nyomában]</ref> which is available in an English version titled ''Retracing a Nightmare''.<ref>* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRrg80kCBUY Retracing a Nightmare: A Documentary of Randolph L. Braham]</ref>

In January 2014, in a widely published open letter on what he saw as increasing attempts by Hungary's rightist [[Viktor Orbán|Orbán]] government to falsify history and whitewash the [[Horthy]] era, Braham returned his medals and resigned from the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, and forbade using his name in connection with the [[Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest)|Holocaust Memorial Center]] in Budapest after excessive government interference.<ref>{{cite news|title=Holocaust Scholar Returns Top Award to Hungary in Protest
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/holocaust-scholar-returns-top-award-to-hungary-in-protest.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> Previously, in 2005, he resigned from the Order of the Star of Romania, after a noted rightist was honored with membership.

Nobelist [[Elie Wiesel]], also a survivor of the Hungarian holocaust and a long-time colleague of Braham, concluded his foreword to Braham's 2013 geographical encyclopedia stating, ''To recommend this work to teachers, their students, and researchers is more than an act of friendship. It is the duty of remembrance that belongs to the realm of the sacred.''<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite news|title=Review Article: The Saddest History Ever Written: On Randolph L. Braham's ''The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary'' (2013)|url=https://ahea.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/ahea/article/viewFile/4/186|newspaper=Hungarian Cultural Studies Vol. 7|date= 2014}}</ref> In 2017 Braham gave his last lecture in Budapest, and two months before his death published an open letter on the recent Hungarian government decision to construct a "competing" Holocaust museum.

Two nights before his brief final hospitalization in 2018 for heart failure, Braham was actively writing revisions to his recent work, yet reluctantly had to cancel his farewell address —''The Struggle between the History and Collective Memory of the Twentieth Century: The Holocaust vs. Communism'' — scheduled the next day at the Rosenthal Institute he founded 39 years previously.

==Awards==
His two-volume ''The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Hungarian Episode (New York Times Review of ''The Politics of Genocide,'' 1st ed.)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/04/books/the-hungarian-episode.html|access-date=25 November 2018|newspaper=New York Times|date=4 October 1981}}</ref> won the 1981 [[National Jewish Book Award|National Jewish Book Award (USA)]] in the Holocaust category.<ref name="Past Winners">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national-jewish-book-awards/past-winners?category=30757|title=Past Winners|website=Jewish Book Council|language=en|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> It earned  him citations in the [[New York State Assembly]] (1981) and the ''[[Congressional Record]]'' (1981, 1994, 2004). Its most recent expanded revision appeared in 2016.

In 2013, Braham received the National Jewish Book Award in the Holocaust category for his three-volume ''The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary.''<ref name="encyclopedia" /><ref name="Past Winners"/>

Among his other honors are the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary|Order of Merit Officer's Cross of the Republic of Hungary]] (1995), the ''Pro Cultura Hungarica'' award of the Hungarian Ministry of Culture (2002), the ''Science for Society'' award of the Hungarian Academy of Science (2004), the [[Order of the Star of Romania]], Officer Rank, of the Romanian Republic (2004; returned in 2005), the Order of Cultural Merit of Romania, Commander Rank, and the Medium Cross of the Republic of Hungary (2011; returned in 2014).

== Selected works ==
*1963: ''The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry: A Documentary Account'' (New York: Pro Arte, 2 vol.).
*1977: ''The Hungarian Labor Service System, 1939-1945'' (New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press).
*1981 (2016): ''The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2 vol.; 2nd ed. 1994; Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 3rd ed. 2016).
*1997 (2015): ''A népirtás politikája: A holocaust magyarországon'' [The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary] (Budapest: Belvárosi Könyvkiadó, 2 vol.; 3rd ed. 2015).
*1997: (with Attila Pók) ''The Holocaust in Hungary: Fifty Years Later'' (New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press).
*2001-2014: ''Tanulmányok a holokausztról, Vol. I-VII'' [Studies on the Holocaust, 7 vol] [Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006]; (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő, 2014).
*2006: (with Brewster S. Chamberlin) ''The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later'' (New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press).
*2007: (with Zoltán Tibori Szabó) ''A magyarországi holokauszt földrajzi enciklopédiája'' [The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary] (Budapest: Park Könyvkiadó, 3 vol.).
*2008: (with Zoltán Tibori Szabó) ''Az észak-erdélyi holokauszt földrajzi enciklopédiája'' [The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Northern Transylvania] (Budapest: Park Könyvkiadó; Cluj-Napoca: Koinónia).
*2011: (with William J. vanden Heuvel). ''The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary'' (New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press).
*2011: ''Bibliography of the Holocaust in Hungary'' (New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press).
*2013: (with Zoltán Tibori Szabó) ''The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary'' (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies), 3 vol.
*2015: "Magyarország: Hadjárat a holokauszt történelmi emlékezete ellen," ''A holokauszt Magyarországon: hetven év múltán'' Randolph L. Braham and András Kovács, eds. (Budapest: Múlt és Jövő), pp.&nbsp;229–261 (In English: "Hungary: The Assault on the Historical Memory of the Holocaust," ''The Holocaust in Hungary: Seventy Years Later'' Randolph L. Braham and András Kovács, eds. (Budapest: Central European University, 2016).
*2019: (with Zoltán Tibori Szabó) ''Enciclopedia geografică a Holocaustului din Transilvania de Nord'' [The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Northern Transylvania] (Bucharest: Elie Wiesen National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania; Kishinev: Cartier).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
===Personal biographical material===
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFOvIYZR5Gk Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation Part I] May 28, 1997
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2jfrKYJyKs&t=11107s Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation Part II] May 30, 1997 
*[http://vhaonline.usc.edu/viewingPage?testimonyID=31989 Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation--Additional material and indexes]
*{{cite web|url= http://hungarianspectrum.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/randolph-l-brahams-open-letter/|title = Open letter of resignation from The Hungarian Order of Merit [In English]|date=2014-01-26}}
*{{cite web|url= http://www.szabadsag.ro/szabadsag/servlet/szabadsag/template/news%2CPQuickNewsScreen.vm/id/30531|title = Open letter of resignation from The Hungarian Order of Merit [In Hungarian]|date=2014-01-27}}
*{{cite web|url= http://hungarianspectrum.org/2018/09/24/the-unholy-alliance-between-the-orban-government-and-slomo-koves-of-chabad/|title = Open letter: "The Unholy Alliance between the Orbán Government and Slomó Köves Of Chabad|date=2018-09-24}}

===External biography===
*{{cite web|url= http://www.multesjovo.hu/hu/aitdownloadablefiles/download/aitfile/aitfile_id/560/|title= Interview: Professor Randolph L. Braham looks on his life after 80 years|date= 2002|author= László Karsai|access-date= 2018-11-27|archive-date= 2013-03-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130323201849/http://www.multesjovo.hu/hu/aitdownloadablefiles/download/aitfile/aitfile_id/560/|url-status= dead}} [In Hungarian. Contains details of Braham's early years and the culture of his community.]
*{{cite web|url= http://bhiweb.wordpress.com/2011/11/06/braham/|title = Short Biography of Randolph L. Braham|date=2011-11-06 |access-date =2013-10-14}}
*{{cite web|url= http://hungarianspectrum.org/2017/10/11/maria-m-kovacss-laudatory-remarks-on-randolph-l-braham-and-his-work-on-the-hungarian-holocaust/|title = Laudatory Remarks on Randolph L. Braham and His Work on the Hungarian Holocaust|date=2017-10-11}}
*{{cite web|url= http://hungarianspectrum.org/2018/11/25/in-memoriam-randolph-l-braham-1922-2018/|title = In Memoriam: Randolph L. Braham (1922-2018)|date=2018-11-25}} [With appended statement from András Heisler, President of the Association of Hungarian Jewish Religious Communities.]

===Scholarship===
*[https://youtube.com/amOYyAzaBRY "The Holocaust in Hungary: A Forensic Analysis"/"A magyarországi holokauszt bonctani elemzése c. előadása"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [Filmed lecture in English with simultaneous Hungarian translation] 2017-10-03
*[http://hungarianspectrum.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/randolph-l-braham-the-assault-on-the-historical-memory-of-the-holocaust/ "The Assault on the Historical Memory of the Holocaust"/"Magyarország: Hadjárat a holokauszt történelmi emlékezete ellen" &#91;In English and Hungarian&#93;] March 2014
*[https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Publication_OP_2012-06.pdf "A Postmortem of the Holocaust in Hungary: A Probing Interpretation of the Causes”] June 2012
*[http://www.vwi.ac.at/index.php/veranstaltungen/icalrepeat.detail/2011/10/13/20/-/randolph-l-braham-hungary-the-controversial-chapter-of-the-holocaust "Hungary: The Controversial Chapter of the Holocaust"] [Filmed lecture, Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien] Nov. 13, 2011
*[https://hungarianspectrum.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/randolph-l-braham-the-reinterment-and-political-rehabilitation-of-miklos-horthy/ "The Reinterment and Political Rehabilitation of Miklós Horthy"] Originally published in 1993; posted 2013-09-15

===Archives===
*[http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn517709/ Index to The Randolph Braham Collection at The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum] Research material collected by Randolph L. Braham, includes materials relevant to the Holocaust and its aftermath in Eastern Europe in general, and in Hungary and Romania in particular, trials against suspected war criminals, the revival of extreme right ideologies, and biographical information pertaining to the donor. Includes audio and videorecordings of interviews Randolph Braham conducted between 1972 and 1996 with survivors of the Holocaust in Hungary. Organized into 17 series.

 
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Braham, Randolph L.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Romanian Jews]]
[[Category:Romanian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:People from Dej]]
[[Category:Historians of Nazism]]
[[Category:American historians of the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Jewish American historians]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Holocaust survivors]]
[[Category:Jewish Hungarian history]]
[[Category:Officer's Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:CUNY Graduate Center faculty]]
[[Category:City College of New York faculty]]
[[Category:City College of New York alumni]]
[[Category:The New School alumni]]
[[Category:Hungarian World War II forced labourers]]
[[Category:Historians from New York (state)]]

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