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Coordinates: 39°57′08″N 75°09′31″W / 39.9521°N 75.1585°W / 39.9521; -75.1585
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==Water quality==
==Water quality==
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) has found elevated [[iodine-131]] (I-131) levels in [[Philadelphia]]'s drinking water several times since 2007 during routine quarterly monitoring.<ref name="EPA radiation">{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2011/04/10/epa-new-radiation-highs-in-little-rock-milk-philadelphia-drinking-water/ |title=EPA: New Radiation Highs in Little Rock Milk, Philadelphia Drinking Water |author=Jeff McMahon |date=10 April 2011 |publisher=Forbes |accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Rad Net">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/japan011/rert/radnet-sampling-data.html#water|title=Japanese Nuclear Emergency: Radiation Monitoring |date=30 June 2011 |publisher=EPA |accessdate=23 February 2012}}</ref> Iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat [[thyroid cancer]], is produced via [[nuclear fission]], is a byproduct of [[nuclear power]] and weapons testing,<ref name="iodine-131">{{cite web |url=http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/pdf/iodine.pdf |title=Radioisotope Brief Iodine-131 |date=18 August 2005 |publisher=CDC |accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> and is a tracer used in [[hydraulic fracturing]].<ref name="NRC">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1556/v14/#_1_26 |title=Consolidated Guidance About Materials Licenses: Program-Specific Guidance About Well Logging, Tracer, and Field Flood Study Licenses (NUREG-1556, Volume 14) |author=Jack E. Whitten, Steven R. Courtemanche, Andrea R. Jones, Richard E. Penrod, and David B. Fogl (Division of Industrial and Medical Nuclear Safety, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards |date=June 2000 |publisher=US Nuclear Regulatory Commission|accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref> Iodine-131 is also used in annual tests for leaks in [[injection wells]] containing waste.<ref name="EPA injection wells">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/r5water/uic/land_ban_files/land_ban_process.htm |title=Containment of Wastes Under the Land Ban Program (Migration section)|author=Steve Roy |date=14 June 2012 |publisher=[[EPA]]|accessdate=5 January 2013}}</ref> Originally the elevated levels were suspected to be related to the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] or [[medical waste]].<ref name="Carbon County">{{cite web |url=http://carbonwaters.org/2011/07/cancer-patients-urine-suspected-in-wissahickon-iodine-131-levels/ |title=Cancer patients’ urine suspected in Wissahickon iodine-131 levels |author=Bauers, Sandy |date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Philadelphia inquirer, Carbon County Groundwater Guardians |accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Upon further investigation, iodine-131 was detected in the Schuylkill, downstream of [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Norristown, Pennsylvania|Norristown]] and [[Pottstown, Pennsylvania|Pottstown]]. By March 2012 the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] had ruled out the nuclear disaster, local nuclear energy production, or hospitals as sources and concluded by process of elimination that the episodically elevated levels were probably caused by patients receiving iodine therapy for the treatment of [[thyroid cancer]]. They said that the water is safe to drink and posed no immediate risk of harm.<ref name="Bauer2012">{{cite news|url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-03-30/news/31261499_1_radioactive-iodine-drinking-water-thyroid-patients|title=Radioactive iodine in Phila. water tied to thyroid patients|quote=Iodine-131 also is a byproduct of nuclear power plants. But officials have ruled out the [[Limerick nuclear power plant]], located on the Schuylkill south of Pottstown, and any of the region's medical, research, or pharmaceutical firms as the source of the iodine-131. By excluding everything else, they settled on the patients themselves as the source. |publisher=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|author=Sandy Bauers|date=2012-03-30|page=2|accessdate=2012-04-03}}</ref> Long term exposure to low level radiation is associated with stochastic<ref name="EPA stochastic">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/health_effects.html#whatkind |title=Radiation protection health effects |author=Staff |publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency |accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> health effects; the greater the exposure, the more likely the health effects are to occur.<ref name="EPA stochastic" /> The risks associated with exposure to iodine-131 include increased risk of [[radiogenic]] [[thyroid cancer]], non-cancerous growths and [[thyroiditis]] in later life.<ref name="Rivkees">{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/jc.83.11.3767 |title=The Management of Graves' Disease in Children, with Special Emphasis on Radioiodine Treatment |year=1998 |last1=Rivkees |first1=Scott A. |first2=Charles |last2=Sklar |first3=Michael |last3=Freemark |journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=83 |issue=11 |pmid=9814445 |pages=3767–76}}</ref> Julia Rockwell, project engineer with the Philadelphia Water Department's source-water protection program, said, "We believe we have confirmed the wastewater-plant effluent is a pathway for iodine-131."<ref name="Bauer2012" /> The EPA confirmed that wastewater effluent was one source.<ref name="Bauer2012" /> In October, 2012 EPA's Rad Net's periodic Iodine-131 readings were elevated to 5.46 pCi/L at the Belmont facility and to 3.28 pCi/L at Queens Lane. EPA's July readings were 2.83 pCi/L and 3.65 pCi/L respectively.<ref name="RadNet2">{{cite web|url=http://oaspub.epa.gov/enviro/erams_query_v2.simple_output?Llocation=City&pStation=0&subloc=PHILADELPHIA%2CPA&media=DRINKING+WATER&radi=Iodine-131&Fromyear=1978&Toyear=2012&units=Traditional|title=Iodine-131 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water|work=EPA RadNet Environfacts|publisher=EPA |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> The federal drinking water standard for Iodine-131 is 3.00 pCi/L.<ref name="RadNet2" /> David Allard, Director of the Bureau of Radiation Protection for the Pennsylvania Department of Environment (PA DEP), and reappointed PA State Liaison Officer to the [[U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] by [[Tom Corbett]] in 2011,<ref name="Corbett letter to USNRC">{{cite document|title=Letter to USNRC re:Allard reappointment|authors=Tom Corbett |publisher = [[United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] |url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1111/ML11117A187.pdf |date=20 April 2011 |format = PDF |accessdate=09 December 2012}}</ref> responded that the elevated levels do not pose a health issue.<ref name="Bauer2012B">{{cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20121207_Spike_in_iodine-131_found_in_city_water.html|title=Spike in iodine-131 found in city water|publisher=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|author=Sandy Bauers|date=2012-12-07|page=2|accessdate=2012-12-07}}</ref> Joanne Dahme of the Philadelphia Water Department explained that whereas many towns get their drinking water from groundwater, Philadelphia's water intakes are on the Schuylkill River, which is fed by streams whose sources include treated effluent from sewage plants. October was a dry month, so much of the river water may have consisted of effluent, which could include excreted Iodine-131.<ref name="Bauer2012B" />
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) has found elevated [[iodine-131]] (I-131) levels in [[Philadelphia]]'s drinking water several times since 2007 during routine quarterly monitoring.<ref name="EPA radiation">{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2011/04/10/epa-new-radiation-highs-in-little-rock-milk-philadelphia-drinking-water/ |title=EPA: New Radiation Highs in Little Rock Milk, Philadelphia Drinking Water |author=Jeff McMahon |date=10 April 2011 |publisher=Forbes |accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Rad Net">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/japan011/rert/radnet-sampling-data.html#water|title=Japanese Nuclear Emergency: Radiation Monitoring |date=30 June 2011 |publisher=EPA |accessdate=23 February 2012}}</ref> Originally the elevated levels were suspected to be related to the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] or [[medical waste]].<ref name="Carbon County">{{cite web |url=http://carbonwaters.org/2011/07/cancer-patients-urine-suspected-in-wissahickon-iodine-131-levels/ |title=Cancer patients’ urine suspected in Wissahickon iodine-131 levels |author=Bauers, Sandy |date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Philadelphia inquirer, Carbon County Groundwater Guardians |accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Upon further investigation, iodine-131 was detected in the Schuylkill, downstream of [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Norristown, Pennsylvania|Norristown]] and [[Pottstown, Pennsylvania|Pottstown]]. By March 2012 the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] had ruled out the nuclear disaster, local nuclear energy production, or hospitals as sources and concluded by process of elimination that the episodically elevated levels were probably caused by patients receiving iodine therapy for the treatment of [[thyroid cancer]]. They said that the water is safe to drink and posed no immediate risk of harm.<ref name="Bauer2012">{{cite news|url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-03-30/news/31261499_1_radioactive-iodine-drinking-water-thyroid-patients|title=Radioactive iodine in Phila. water tied to thyroid patients|quote=Iodine-131 also is a byproduct of nuclear power plants. But officials have ruled out the [[Limerick nuclear power plant]], located on the Schuylkill south of Pottstown, and any of the region's medical, research, or pharmaceutical firms as the source of the iodine-131. By excluding everything else, they settled on the patients themselves as the source. |publisher=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|author=Sandy Bauers|date=2012-03-30|page=2|accessdate=2012-04-03}}</ref> Long term exposure to low level radiation is associated with stochastic<ref name="EPA stochastic">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/health_effects.html#whatkind |title=Radiation protection health effects |author=Staff |publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency |accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> health effects; the greater the exposure, the more likely the health effects are to occur.<ref name="EPA stochastic" /> The risks associated with exposure to iodine-131 include increased risk of [[radiogenic]] [[thyroid cancer]], non-cancerous growths and [[thyroiditis]] in later life.<ref name="Rivkees">{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/jc.83.11.3767 |title=The Management of Graves' Disease in Children, with Special Emphasis on Radioiodine Treatment |year=1998 |last1=Rivkees |first1=Scott A. |first2=Charles |last2=Sklar |first3=Michael |last3=Freemark |journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=83 |issue=11 |pmid=9814445 |pages=3767–76}}</ref> Julia Rockwell, project engineer with the Philadelphia Water Department's source-water protection program, said, "We believe we have confirmed the wastewater-plant effluent is a pathway for iodine-131."<ref name="Bauer2012" /> The EPA confirmed that wastewater effluent was one source.<ref name="Bauer2012" /> In October, 2012 EPA's Rad Net's periodic Iodine-131 readings were elevated to 5.46 pCi/L at the Belmont facility and to 3.28 pCi/L at Queens Lane. EPA's July readings were 2.83 pCi/L and 3.65 pCi/L respectively.<ref name="RadNet2">{{cite web|url=http://oaspub.epa.gov/enviro/erams_query_v2.simple_output?Llocation=City&pStation=0&subloc=PHILADELPHIA%2CPA&media=DRINKING+WATER&radi=Iodine-131&Fromyear=1978&Toyear=2012&units=Traditional|title=Iodine-131 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water|work=EPA RadNet Environfacts|publisher=EPA |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> The federal drinking water standard for Iodine-131 is 3.00 pCi/L.<ref name="RadNet2" /> David Allard, Director of the Bureau of Radiation Protection for the Pennsylvania Department of Environment (PA DEP), and reappointed PA State Liaison Officer to the [[U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] by [[Tom Corbett]] in 2011,<ref name="Corbett letter to USNRC">{{cite document|title=Letter to USNRC re:Allard reappointment|authors=Tom Corbett |publisher = [[United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] |url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1111/ML11117A187.pdf |date=20 April 2011 |format = PDF |accessdate=09 December 2012}}</ref> responded that the elevated levels do not pose a health issue.<ref name="Bauer2012B">{{cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20121207_Spike_in_iodine-131_found_in_city_water.html|title=Spike in iodine-131 found in city water|publisher=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|author=Sandy Bauers|date=2012-12-07|page=2|accessdate=2012-12-07}}</ref> Joanne Dahme of the Philadelphia Water Department explained that whereas many towns get their drinking water from groundwater, Philadelphia's water intakes are on the Schuylkill River, which is fed by streams whose sources include treated effluent from sewage plants. October was a dry month, so much of the river water may have consisted of effluent, which could include excreted Iodine-131.<ref name="Bauer2012B" />


In December 2011 Radium 228 was detected at levels within the risk range in Philadelphia's drinking water for the first time during EPA's routine annual monitoring.<ref name="RadNet3">{{cite web|url=http://oaspub.epa.gov/enviro/erams_query_v2.simple_output?Llocation=City&pStation=0&subloc=PHILADELPHIA%2CPA&media=DRINKING+WATER&radi=Radium-228&Fromyear=1978&Toyear=2012&units=Traditional|title=Radium-228 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water|work=EPA RadNet Environfacts|publisher=EPA |accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref> No readings have been taken since that time. [[Radium-228]], a naturally occurring radionuclide, is a product of [[Thorium-232]] breakdown, with a half-life of 5.75 years.<ref name="EPA Radium">{{cite web|accessdate=2012-12-09|url=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/radium.html |title=Radiation protection: Radium}}</ref>
In December 2011 Radium 228 was detected at levels within the risk range in Philadelphia's drinking water for the first time during EPA's routine annual monitoring.<ref name="RadNet3">{{cite web|url=http://oaspub.epa.gov/enviro/erams_query_v2.simple_output?Llocation=City&pStation=0&subloc=PHILADELPHIA%2CPA&media=DRINKING+WATER&radi=Radium-228&Fromyear=1978&Toyear=2012&units=Traditional|title=Radium-228 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water|work=EPA RadNet Environfacts|publisher=EPA |accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref> No readings have been taken since that time. [[Radium-228]], a naturally occurring radionuclide, is a product of [[Thorium-232]] breakdown, with a half-life of 5.75 years.<ref name="EPA Radium">{{cite web|accessdate=2012-12-09|url=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/radium.html |title=Radiation protection: Radium}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:45, 19 January 2013

Philadelphia Water Department
Philadelphia Water Department logo
Utility overview
Formed1801
JurisdictionCity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
HeadquartersARAMARK Tower
1101 Market Street, FL 5

Philadelphia, PA 19107
39°57′08″N 75°09′31″W / 39.9521°N 75.1585°W / 39.9521; -75.1585 39° 57′ 7.56″ N, 75° 9′ 30.6″ W

39.9521, -75.1585
Employees2,000[1]
Annual budget$607,576,000, FY ending 2008-06-31, actual[2]
Utility executive
  • Howard Neukrug, Water Commissioner
Websitehttp://www.phila.gov/water

The Philadelphia Water Department provides integrated potable water, wastewater, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and some communities in Bucks, Delaware and Montgomery Counties.[3]

The primary mission of the department is the planning, operation and maintenance of both the physical infrastructure and the organized personnel needed to provide high quality drinking water, and to provide an adequate and reliable water supply for all domestic, commercial, and industrial requirements, and to manage wastewater and stormwater to protect and improve the quality of the region’s watersheds, especially the Delaware River and the Schuylkill River.[3]

Drinking water

Philadelphia Water Department Belmont Pumping Station, built 1900, Martin Luther King, Jr., Drive at Montgomery Drive, Philadelphia, PA. View from the parking lot, looking north, with the Columbia Railroad Bridge in the background.

The Water Department draws about half of its water from the Schuylkill River, and about half from the Delaware River. The Queen Lane Plant in East Falls draws water from an intake pumping station (1895) on Kelly Drive. The Belmont Plant on Belmont Avenue in Wynnefield draws water from an intake pumping station (1870-1900) on Martin Luther King, Jr., Drive.[4] The Fairmount Dam prevents brackish water from the Delaware River from coming up the Schuylkill from the Delaware with the tide.[5]

Water quality

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found elevated iodine-131 (I-131) levels in Philadelphia's drinking water several times since 2007 during routine quarterly monitoring.[6][7] Originally the elevated levels were suspected to be related to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster or medical waste.[8] Upon further investigation, iodine-131 was detected in the Schuylkill, downstream of Reading, Norristown and Pottstown. By March 2012 the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection had ruled out the nuclear disaster, local nuclear energy production, or hospitals as sources and concluded by process of elimination that the episodically elevated levels were probably caused by patients receiving iodine therapy for the treatment of thyroid cancer. They said that the water is safe to drink and posed no immediate risk of harm.[9] Long term exposure to low level radiation is associated with stochastic[10] health effects; the greater the exposure, the more likely the health effects are to occur.[10] The risks associated with exposure to iodine-131 include increased risk of radiogenic thyroid cancer, non-cancerous growths and thyroiditis in later life.[11] Julia Rockwell, project engineer with the Philadelphia Water Department's source-water protection program, said, "We believe we have confirmed the wastewater-plant effluent is a pathway for iodine-131."[9] The EPA confirmed that wastewater effluent was one source.[9] In October, 2012 EPA's Rad Net's periodic Iodine-131 readings were elevated to 5.46 pCi/L at the Belmont facility and to 3.28 pCi/L at Queens Lane. EPA's July readings were 2.83 pCi/L and 3.65 pCi/L respectively.[12] The federal drinking water standard for Iodine-131 is 3.00 pCi/L.[12] David Allard, Director of the Bureau of Radiation Protection for the Pennsylvania Department of Environment (PA DEP), and reappointed PA State Liaison Officer to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission by Tom Corbett in 2011,[13] responded that the elevated levels do not pose a health issue.[14] Joanne Dahme of the Philadelphia Water Department explained that whereas many towns get their drinking water from groundwater, Philadelphia's water intakes are on the Schuylkill River, which is fed by streams whose sources include treated effluent from sewage plants. October was a dry month, so much of the river water may have consisted of effluent, which could include excreted Iodine-131.[14]

In December 2011 Radium 228 was detected at levels within the risk range in Philadelphia's drinking water for the first time during EPA's routine annual monitoring.[15] No readings have been taken since that time. Radium-228, a naturally occurring radionuclide, is a product of Thorium-232 breakdown, with a half-life of 5.75 years.[16]

Also problematic may be the high levels of Bromide released into the rivers. The Bromide in the water combines with chlorine, which is used to disinfect drinking water at water treatment plants, and forms trihalomethanes (THMs).[17] The levels of THMs detected in Philadelphia's water have fluctuated. In 2011 the average readings were between 39-42ppb, with a range of 17-87ppb. The EPA MCL for THMs is 80ppb. Long term exposure to trihalomethanes increases the risk cancer, especially bladder cancer.[17]

Green Stormwater Infrastructure

One of the environmentally -friendly initiatives of the PWD is the Green Stormwater Infrastructure. This project involves increasing the ways and locations where soil-water-plant systems help to filter contaminants out of stormwater, returning some of it to the ground, releasing some to the air, and sometimes a portion of it into the sewer system.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Key Statistics about Philadelphia Water Department". LinkedIn. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  2. ^ "PWD 2008 Financial Report" (PDF). Philadelphia Water Department. 2008. p. 21. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  3. ^ a b "Philadelphia Water Department, Mission". Philadelphia Water Department web site. City of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  4. ^ Gibson, Jane Mork (1990). "Belmont Pumping Station, 1899-1900". Workshop of the World. Oliver Evans Press. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2010-08-03. The City of Philadelphia maintains two pumping stations that draw water from the Schuylkill River—Belmont (1870) and Queen Lane (1895)—both of which are connected to filtration and water purification facilities.
  5. ^ Gibson, Jane Mork (1990). "Fairmount Dam, 1819-1821". Workshop of the World. Oliver Evans Press. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2010-08-03. Originally constructed for ponding of the river for water supply and for waterpower, Fairmount Dam no longer is needed for waterpower, but it continues to serve the city by providing a water supply storage area for two pumping stations with intakes on the Schuylkill.
  6. ^ Jeff McMahon (10 April 2011). "EPA: New Radiation Highs in Little Rock Milk, Philadelphia Drinking Water". Forbes. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  7. ^ "Japanese Nuclear Emergency: Radiation Monitoring". EPA. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  8. ^ Bauers, Sandy (21 July 2011). "Cancer patients' urine suspected in Wissahickon iodine-131 levels". Philadelphia inquirer, Carbon County Groundwater Guardians. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  9. ^ a b c Sandy Bauers (2012-03-30). "Radioactive iodine in Phila. water tied to thyroid patients". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 2. Retrieved 2012-04-03. Iodine-131 also is a byproduct of nuclear power plants. But officials have ruled out the Limerick nuclear power plant, located on the Schuylkill south of Pottstown, and any of the region's medical, research, or pharmaceutical firms as the source of the iodine-131. By excluding everything else, they settled on the patients themselves as the source.
  10. ^ a b Staff. "Radiation protection health effects". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  11. ^ Rivkees, Scott A.; Sklar, Charles; Freemark, Michael (1998). "The Management of Graves' Disease in Children, with Special Emphasis on Radioiodine Treatment". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 83 (11): 3767–76. doi:10.1210/jc.83.11.3767. PMID 9814445.
  12. ^ a b "Iodine-131 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water". EPA RadNet Environfacts. EPA. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  13. ^ "Letter to USNRC re:Allard reappointment" (Document). United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 20 April 2011. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |format= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Sandy Bauers (2012-12-07). "Spike in iodine-131 found in city water". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 2. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  15. ^ "Radium-228 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water". EPA RadNet Environfacts. EPA. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  16. ^ "Radiation protection: Radium". Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  17. ^ a b Bruce Gellerman and Ann Murray (10 August 2012). "Disposal of Fracking Wastewater Polluting PA Rivers". PRI's Environmental News Magazine. Public Radio International. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  18. ^ Green Stormwater Infrastructure
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