Kayoa: Difference between revisions
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==Languages and archaeology== |
==Languages and archaeology== |
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There are two native languages on Kayoa, as well as [[Indonesian]]. The language named West Makian is one of the North-Halmahera group, which in turn is part of the West-Irian phylum of languages.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30027583 . | title=LinguisticsWest Makian, a Language of the North-Halmahéra Group of the West-Irian Phylum | author=Watuseke, F.S. | journal=Anthropological Linguistics | year=1976 | month=September | volume=18 | issue=6 | pages=274–285}}</ref> The language named Taba or East Makian is one of the Austronesian languages.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=70527C4EB32E1B488E160C53520439D0.journals?fromPage=online&aid=1799824 | title=Phonetic Representation Illustrations of the IPA: Taba | author=Bowden, John; Hajek, John | journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association | year=1996 | month=June | volume=26 | issue=1 | pages=55-57 | doi=10.1017/S0025100300005326}}</ref> |
There are two native languages on Kayoa island, as well as [[Indonesian]]. The language named West Makian, spoken by 5,000 people in Kayoa and its outlying islands, is one of the North-Halmahera group, which in turn is part of the West-Irian phylum of languages.<ref name=Watuseke>{{cite journal | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30027583 . | title=LinguisticsWest Makian, a Language of the North-Halmahéra Group of the West-Irian Phylum | author=Watuseke, F.S. | journal=Anthropological Linguistics | year=1976 | month=September | volume=18 | issue=6 | pages=274–285}}</ref> The language named Taba or East Makian is one of the Austronesian languages.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=70527C4EB32E1B488E160C53520439D0.journals?fromPage=online&aid=1799824 | title=Phonetic Representation Illustrations of the IPA: Taba | author=Bowden, John; Hajek, John | journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association | year=1996 | month=June | volume=26 | issue=1 | pages=55-57 | doi=10.1017/S0025100300005326}}</ref> |
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Archaeological evidence shows a foraging culture on Kayoa before around 3,500 years ago, changing at that time to an agricultural way of life with animals including pigs and dogs, pottery and polished stone tools. From 2,000 years ago the islands started to trade spices to India and beyond.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA128 | title=Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses | publisher=Psychology Press | author=Bellwood, Peter | year=1997 | pages=128-129 | Editor=Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew | Chapter=The archaeology of Papuan and Austronesian prehistory in the Northern Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia}}</ref> Chinese copper money is found in jar burials of between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago in the Uattamdi cave shelter on Kayoa, implying that trade in cloves began early on the island. With the jars are glass beads, pieces of bronze and iron, and large shells from the coral reef. One of the burial vessels has rectangular and triangular patterns like those found at Leang Buidane but not on nearby islands.<ref name=Peregrine/> |
Archaeological evidence shows a foraging culture on Kayoa before around 3,500 years ago, changing at that time to an agricultural way of life with animals including pigs and dogs, pottery and polished stone tools. From 2,000 years ago the islands started to trade spices to India and beyond.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA128 | title=Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses | publisher=Psychology Press | author=Bellwood, Peter | year=1997 | pages=128-129 | Editor=Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew | Chapter=The archaeology of Papuan and Austronesian prehistory in the Northern Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia}}</ref> Chinese copper money is found in jar burials of between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago in the Uattamdi cave shelter on Kayoa, implying that trade in cloves began early on the island. With the jars are glass beads, pieces of bronze and iron, and large shells from the coral reef. One of the burial vessels has rectangular and triangular patterns like those found at Leang Buidane but not on nearby islands.<ref name=Peregrine/> |
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Revision as of 11:35, 23 March 2013
| Lua error in Module:Mapframe at line 384: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value). | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | -0.0833333, 127.417 |
| Archipelago | Maluku Islands |
| Administration | |
Indonesia | |
Kayoa (also Kaioa), or in the native language Pulau Urimatiti, is an island, one of the Maluku Islands (Maluku Utara administrative division) in Indonesia.
Geography
Kayoa island is near the southern end of a chain of volcanic islands off the western coast of Halmaherato (Halmahera region), to the south of Makian and to the north of Bacan.[1] The islands were for centuries the only place in the world where cloves were produced. Kayoa lies on the equator and is subject to regular heavy rain in the two monsoon seasons, which are December to March and June to July.[2]
The stratovolcano Mount Tigalalu lies at the western end of Kayoa, partly flanked by coral limestones.[3] However, Kayoa island differs from its neighbours in being composed mainly of sedimentary rather than volcanic rock. Its western side consists of terraces of raised coral limestone with pumice and beach sand.[2]
Languages and archaeology
There are two native languages on Kayoa island, as well as Indonesian. The language named West Makian, spoken by 5,000 people in Kayoa and its outlying islands, is one of the North-Halmahera group, which in turn is part of the West-Irian phylum of languages.[4] The language named Taba or East Makian is one of the Austronesian languages.[5]
Archaeological evidence shows a foraging culture on Kayoa before around 3,500 years ago, changing at that time to an agricultural way of life with animals including pigs and dogs, pottery and polished stone tools. From 2,000 years ago the islands started to trade spices to India and beyond.[6] Chinese copper money is found in jar burials of between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago in the Uattamdi cave shelter on Kayoa, implying that trade in cloves began early on the island. With the jars are glass beads, pieces of bronze and iron, and large shells from the coral reef. One of the burial vessels has rectangular and triangular patterns like those found at Leang Buidane but not on nearby islands.[2]
Natural history
Kayoa was visited by the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, as described in his 1869 book The Malay Archipelago.[7] He records that
The next day (October 16th [1858]) I went beyond the swamp, and found a place where a new clearing was being made in the virgin forest... I have never in my life seen beetles so abundant as they were on this spot. Some dozen species of good-sized golden Buprestidae, green rose-chafers (Lomaptera), and long-horned weevils (Anthribidae) were so abundant that they rose up in swarms as I walked along, filling the air with a loud buzzing hum. Along with these, several fine Longicorns were almost equally common, forming such an assemblage as for once to realize that idea of tropical luxuriance which one obtains by looking over the drawers of a well-filled cabinet... It was a glorious spot, and one which will always live in my memory as exhibiting the insect-life of the tropics in unexampled luxuriance.
— Wallace[8]
References
- ^ "Kayoa". GetaMap.net. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
- ^ a b c Peregrine, Peter Neal; Ember, Melvin, ed. (2001). "Uattamdi". Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Vol. 3: East Asia and Oceania. Springer.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ "Tigalalu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
- ^ Watuseke, F.S. (1976). . "LinguisticsWest Makian, a Language of the North-Halmahéra Group of the West-Irian Phylum". Anthropological Linguistics. 18 (6): 274–285.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Bowden, John; Hajek, John (1996). "Phonetic Representation Illustrations of the IPA: Taba". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (1): 55–57. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005326.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bellwood, Peter (1997). Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. Psychology Press. pp. 128–129.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|Chapter=ignored (|chapter=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|Editor=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, Chapter 23. pp. 28–33.
- ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, pp. 31–32.
Bibliography
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with sketches of man and nature (1 ed.). Macmillan.
00°4′N 127°25′E / 0.067°N 127.417°E
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