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{{Short description|Taiwanese Chinese ultranationalist}}
{{Short description|Taiwanese Chinese ultranationalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Chang An-lo
| name = Chang An-lo
| image = 張安樂與民眾合照 (cropped).jpg
| image = 張安樂與民眾合照 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 240px
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Chang in 2017
| caption = Chang in 2017
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|張安樂}}}}
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|張安樂}}}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|3|13|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|3|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]
| birth_place = [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]], China
| nationality = [[Taiwan]]ese
| nationality = [[Taiwan]]ese
| other_names = The White Wolf
| other_names = The White Wolf
| alma_mater = [[Tamkang University]]
| education = [[Tamkang University]] ([[B. A.|BA]], [[B. A.|BA]], [[B. S.|BS]])<br />[[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]]<br />[[Stanford University]] ([[M. S.|MS]])
| party = [[Chinese Unification Promotion Party]]
| party = [[Chinese Unification Promotion Party]]
| criminal_charges = Drug smuggling
| criminal_charges = Drug smuggling
}}
}}
'''Chang An-lo''' ({{zh|t=張安樂|p=Zhāng Ānlè|first=t}}; born 13 March 1948), also known as the '''White Wolf''' ({{zh|c=白狼|p=Bái Láng|labels=no}}), is a [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] [[Chinese nationalism|Chinese ultranationalist]], organized crime figure, entrepreneur, and politician. He is supportive of [[Chinese unification]], having founded the [[Chinese Unification Promotion Party]].
'''Chang An-lo''' ({{zh|t=張安樂|p=Zhāng Ānlè|first=t}}; born 13 March 1948), also known as the '''White Wolf''' ({{zh|c=白狼|p=Bái Láng|labels=no}}), is a Taiwanese [[Chinese ultranationalist]], organized crime figure, entrepreneur, and politician. He is supportive of [[Chinese unification]], having founded the [[Chinese Unification Promotion Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Chang was born on 13 March 1948 in [[Nanjing]]. His family fled with the [[Kuomintang]] government during the [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan]]. In 1959, Chang's family settled in [[Taipei]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ocnus.net/article.php?The-White-Wolf-and-China---Profile-of-Taiwan-Triad-boss-Chang-An-Lo-66122 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.ocnus.net}}</ref>

Chang graduated from [[Tamkang University]] with a bachelor's degree in history, then remained at the university for graduate studies. In 1979, he traveled to [[California]] in the United States and studied [[Management information system|management information systems]] and accounting at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=Gang background infuses philosophy |url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/people/Gang-background-infuses-philosophy/shdaily.shtml |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=archive.shine.cn}}</ref> He later recalled that "at that time, I wanted to learn something practical, maybe get a PhD and then go to the Chinese mainland".<ref name=":1" /> He then remained in the U.S. to study for a master's degree in [[operations research]] at [[Stanford University]],<ref name=":1" /> where he earned a degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The White Wolf of Taiwan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/the-white-wolf-of-taiwan/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Work with the Triad==
==Work with the Triad==
{{Further|Organized crime in Taiwan}}
In 1985, Chang was convicted and incarcerated in the United States for ten years for drug smuggling, kidnapping, and extortion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-29 |title='White wolf' Chang An-lo arrested in Taipei after 17 years on run |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1271906/white-wolf-chang-lo-arrested-taipei-after-17-years-run |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-08-16 |title=The White Wolf of Taiwan: Chang An-lo and his reunification party |url=https://thechinaproject.com/2018/08/16/the-white-wolf-of-taiwan/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The China Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chin |first=Ko-Lin |url=https://archive.org/details/heijin00koli |title=Heijin: Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan |date=2016-07-08 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-315-49828-7 |pages=37–38 |language=en |oclc=953604095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arax |first=Mark |date=1985-06-12 |title=Reputed Gang Leader Jailed on Kidnaping and Extortion Charges |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-12-me-6129-story.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> While in custody, he cooperated with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and provided tapes that revealed how [[Military Intelligence Bureau|Taiwanese military intelligence]] directed the [[Bamboo Union]] to use violence against dissidents of the [[Kuomintang]] during [[martial law in Taiwan]].<ref name=":0" />
In 1985, Chang was convicted and incarcerated in the United States for ten years for drug smuggling, kidnapping, and extortion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-29 |title='White wolf' Chang An-lo arrested in Taipei after 17 years on run |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1271906/white-wolf-chang-lo-arrested-taipei-after-17-years-run |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-08-16 |title=The White Wolf of Taiwan: Chang An-lo and his reunification party |url=https://thechinaproject.com/2018/08/16/the-white-wolf-of-taiwan/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The China Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chin |first=Ko-Lin |url=https://archive.org/details/heijin00koli |title=Heijin: Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan |date=2016-07-08 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-315-49828-7 |pages=37–38 |language=en |oclc=953604095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arax |first=Mark |date=1985-06-12 |title=Reputed Gang Leader Jailed on Kidnaping and Extortion Charges |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-12-me-6129-story.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> While in custody, he cooperated with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and provided tapes that revealed how [[Military Intelligence Bureau|Taiwanese military intelligence]] directed the [[Bamboo Union]] to use violence against dissidents of the [[Kuomintang]] during [[martial law in Taiwan]].<ref name=":0" /> He remained in prison for 10 years. While still in prison, he earned two more bachelor's degrees, one in psychology and one in sociology.<ref name=":1" />


A former leader of the Bamboo Union crime brotherhood,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lubasch |first=Arnold H. |date=1986-12-18 |title=8 in Gang Linked to Taiwan Get Prison Sentences |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/18/us/8-in-gang-linked-to-taiwan-get-prison-sentences.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=September 4, 2014 |title=The White Wolf |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/banyan/2014/09/04/the-white-wolf |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Arax |first=Mark |date=19 September 1985 |title=Reputed Gang Chief Charged in Liu Killing |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-09-19/local/me-1863_1_reputed-gang}}</ref> Chang fled Taiwan in 1996 after being placed on the wanted list by authorities in Taipei for involvement in [[organized crime]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chang An-lo |url=http://www.cib.gov.tw/police/police04_1_b.aspx?no=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326234644/http://www.cib.gov.tw/police/police04_1_b.aspx?no=9 |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=[[Criminal Investigation Bureau]] |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pomfret |first=John |date=2000-12-31 |title=The China Connection |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/12/31/the-china-connection/43d3037a-3934-4e63-8848-1436caa1db65/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> leading him to live in exile in [[Shenzhen]], [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfnp|Chin|2003|p=205}}<ref name="Herald Sun">{{citation |title=Taiwan gang leader 'White Wolf' arrested after China exile |date=30 June 2013 |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/taiwan-gang-leader-white-wolf-arrested-after-china-exile/story-fni0xs61-1226671996791 |publisher=[[Herald Sun]] |access-date=30 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Diplomat 2014">{{Cite news |last1=Cole |first1=J. Michael |title=The Return of Gangster Politics in Taiwan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/the-return-of-gangster-politics-in-taiwan/ |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |publisher=}}</ref> Chang is credited with giving the Bamboo Union a political mission and a touch of romantic character which has made it more appealing to gain members from rival criminal gangs.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Xia |first1=Yun |title=The White Wolf of Taiwan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/the-white-wolf-of-taiwan/ |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |publisher=}}</ref>
A former leader of the Bamboo Union crime brotherhood,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lubasch |first=Arnold H. |date=1986-12-18 |title=8 in Gang Linked to Taiwan Get Prison Sentences |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/18/us/8-in-gang-linked-to-taiwan-get-prison-sentences.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=September 4, 2014 |title=The White Wolf |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/banyan/2014/09/04/the-white-wolf |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Arax |first=Mark |date=19 September 1985 |title=Reputed Gang Chief Charged in Liu Killing |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-19-me-1863-story.html}}</ref> Chang fled Taiwan in 1996 after being placed on the wanted list by authorities in Taipei for involvement in [[organized crime]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chang An-lo |url=http://www.cib.gov.tw/police/police04_1_b.aspx?no=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326234644/http://www.cib.gov.tw/police/police04_1_b.aspx?no=9 |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=[[Criminal Investigation Bureau]] |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pomfret |first=John |date=2000-12-31 |title=The China Connection |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/12/31/the-china-connection/43d3037a-3934-4e63-8848-1436caa1db65/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> leading him to live in exile in [[Shenzhen]], [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfnp|Chin|2003|p=205}}<ref name="Herald Sun">{{citation |title=Taiwan gang leader 'White Wolf' arrested after China exile |date=30 June 2013 |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/taiwan-gang-leader-white-wolf-arrested-after-china-exile/story-fni0xs61-1226671996791 |publisher=[[Herald Sun]] |access-date=30 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Diplomat 2014">{{Cite news |last1=Cole |first1=J. Michael |title=The Return of Gangster Politics in Taiwan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/the-return-of-gangster-politics-in-taiwan/ |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |publisher=}}</ref> Chang is credited with giving the Bamboo Union a political mission and a touch of romantic character which has made it more appealing to gain members from rival criminal gangs.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Xia |first1=Yun |title=The White Wolf of Taiwan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/the-white-wolf-of-taiwan/ |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |publisher=}}</ref>


During his time in China, the Chinese Unity Promotion Party was founded in 2004. He then started a Taiwan-based branch of the party in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hsiao |first1=Alison |date=5 March 2017 |title=Reporter's Notebook: Survivors of 228 Incident divided along ethnic lines |page=3 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/03/05/2003666175 |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> He returned to [[Taiwan]] in June 2013 and was arrested by Taiwanese police on arrival at [[Songshan Airport]] and released on bail.<ref name="Herald Sun" /> President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] received criticism for his lax treatment of Chang.<ref name="Diplomat 2014" />
During his time in China, the Chinese Unity Promotion Party was founded in 2004. He then started a Taiwan-based branch of the party in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hsiao |first1=Alison |date=5 March 2017 |title=Reporter's Notebook: Survivors of 228 Incident divided along ethnic lines |page=3 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/03/05/2003666175 |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> He returned to [[Taiwan]] in June 2013 and was arrested by Taiwanese police on arrival at [[Songshan Airport]] and released on bail.<ref name="Herald Sun" /> President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] received criticism for his lax treatment of Chang.<ref name="Diplomat 2014" />
Line 28: Line 33:
Upon his return to Taiwan, Chang opened a campaign headquarters affiliated with the "[[Chinese Unification Promotion Party]]" in downtown [[Tainan]] in order to prepare for elections in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tseng |first1=Wei-chen |last2=Chung |first2=Jake |date=9 September 2013 |title='White Wolf's' party to contest in 2016 elections |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/09/09/2003571716 |access-date=5 April 2014 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |page=3}}</ref>
Upon his return to Taiwan, Chang opened a campaign headquarters affiliated with the "[[Chinese Unification Promotion Party]]" in downtown [[Tainan]] in order to prepare for elections in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tseng |first1=Wei-chen |last2=Chung |first2=Jake |date=9 September 2013 |title='White Wolf's' party to contest in 2016 elections |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/09/09/2003571716 |access-date=5 April 2014 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |page=3}}</ref>


Following a police raid of one of the party's headquarters in November 2013, police stated their concerns about the political party's links to organized crime to the press.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Shu-ting |last2=Chung |first2=Jake |date=8 November 2013 |title=Police link party to organized crime |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/11/08/2003576402 |access-date=2 April 2014 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |page=3}}</ref> Police alleged that the political party was being used as a front for membership in the Bamboo Union gang in New Taipei City; police also allege that illegal firearms had been trafficked and used in racketeering and [[wikt:turf war|turf war]] by the Yeh Shih branch (named after historical figure [[Ye Shi]]).
Following a police raid of one of the party's headquarters in November 2013, police stated their concerns about the political party's links to organized crime to the press.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Shu-ting |last2=Chung |first2=Jake |date=8 November 2013 |title=Police link party to organized crime |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/11/08/2003576402 |access-date=2 April 2014 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |page=3}}</ref> Police alleged that the political party was being used as a front for membership in the Bamboo Union gang in New Taipei City; police also allege that illegal firearms had been trafficked and used in racketeering and [[wikt:turf war|turf war]] by the Yeh Shih branch (named after historical figure [[Ye Shi]]).{{cn|date=October 2024}}


In 2013, his party claims that it has a membership of 20,000 persons, and 75 branch-offices (or headquarters).<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=zh:張安樂29日返台：我沒有犯罪|date=28 June 2013|access-date=2 April 2014|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/News/FirstNews/201306280052-1.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701081523/http://www.cna.com.tw/News/FirstNews/201306280052-1.aspx|url-status=live|archive-date=1 July 2013|quote=中華統一促進黨有75個黨部，黨員2萬餘人|publisher=Central News Agency|language=Chinese}}</ref>
In 2013, his party claims that it has a membership of 20,000 persons, and 75 branch-offices (or headquarters).<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=zh:張安樂29日返台：我沒有犯罪|date=28 June 2013|access-date=2 April 2014|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/News/FirstNews/201306280052-1.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701081523/http://www.cna.com.tw/News/FirstNews/201306280052-1.aspx|url-status=live|archive-date=1 July 2013|quote=中華統一促進黨有75個黨部，黨員2萬餘人|publisher=Central News Agency|language=Chinese}}</ref>


A supporter of the [[Ryukyu independence movement]], in 2015, Chang went on a sightseeing trip to Okinawa and was received by the [[Kyokuryū-kai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=赤ペンキ騒動の党、沖縄の「国連認定」反日組織とも接触 - Reuters |url=https://jp.reuters.com/article/idJP00093300_20180312_00620180311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150221/https://jp.reuters.com/article/idJP00093300_20180312_00620180311 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=統促黨密會日本黑道 自由時報 |url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1174016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200859/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1174016 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref> Chang said that "the relationship between the Ryukyu and China is historically intertwined, and it is my duty as a Chinese to make Ryukyu free from Japan".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=幫琉球獨立？白狼：身為中國人的責任三立新聞網 |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%B9%AB%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B-%E7%99%BD%E7%8B%BC-%E8%BA%AB%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB-084014577.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218005749/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%B9%AB%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B-%E7%99%BD%E7%8B%BC-%E8%BA%AB%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB-084014577.html |archive-date=2021-12-18 |access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref>
⚫
In one notable protest in February 2019, Chang tripped and stumbled into his own prop [[coffin]] that he had brought to symbolise Taiwanese fatalities that would result from resistance to invasion from the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pan |first1=Jason |title=White Wolf' falls onto coffin; CUPP protesters detained |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/02/27/2003710483 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[Taipei Times]] |publisher=}}</ref> In August 2019, Chang was arrested by Taiwanese police and prosecutors charged him and five party workers with taking illicit political donations, [[embezzlement]], and [[tax evasion]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pan |first1=Jason |title=Prosecutors charge 'White Wolf,' other CUPP members with illegal gains |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/08/14/2003720469 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[Taipei Times]] |publisher=}}</ref>

⚫
In one notable protest in February 2019, Chang tripped and stumbled into his own prop [[coffin]] that he had brought to symbolize Taiwanese fatalities that would result from resistance to invasion from the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pan |first1=Jason |title=White Wolf' falls onto coffin; CUPP protesters detained |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/02/27/2003710483 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[Taipei Times]] |publisher=}}</ref> In August 2019, Chang was arrested by Taiwanese police and prosecutors charged him and five party workers with taking illicit political donations, [[embezzlement]], and [[tax evasion]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pan |first1=Jason |title=Prosecutors charge 'White Wolf,' other CUPP members with illegal gains |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/08/14/2003720469 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[Taipei Times]] |publisher=}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 44: Line 51:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang, An-lo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang, An-lo}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Bamboo Union]]
[[Category:Bamboo Union]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by Taiwan]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by Taiwan]]

Latest revision as of 20:04, 26 October 2024

Chang An-lo
張安樂
Chang in 2017
Born (1948-03-13) 13 March 1948 (age 76)
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
NationalityTaiwanese
Other namesThe White Wolf
EducationTamkang University (BA, BA, BS)
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Stanford University (MS)
Political partyChinese Unification Promotion Party
Criminal chargesDrug smuggling

Chang An-lo (Chinese: 張安樂; pinyin: Zhāng Ānlè; born 13 March 1948), also known as the White Wolf (白狼; Bái Láng), is a Taiwanese Chinese ultranationalist, organized crime figure, entrepreneur, and politician. He is supportive of Chinese unification, having founded the Chinese Unification Promotion Party.

Early life and education

[edit]

Chang was born on 13 March 1948 in Nanjing. His family fled with the Kuomintang government during the Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan. In 1959, Chang's family settled in Taipei.[1]

Chang graduated from Tamkang University with a bachelor's degree in history, then remained at the university for graduate studies. In 1979, he traveled to California in the United States and studied management information systems and accounting at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.[2] He later recalled that "at that time, I wanted to learn something practical, maybe get a PhD and then go to the Chinese mainland".[2] He then remained in the U.S. to study for a master's degree in operations research at Stanford University,[2] where he earned a degree.[3]

Work with the Triad

[edit]
Further information: Organized crime in Taiwan

In 1985, Chang was convicted and incarcerated in the United States for ten years for drug smuggling, kidnapping, and extortion.[4][5][6][7] While in custody, he cooperated with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and provided tapes that revealed how Taiwanese military intelligence directed the Bamboo Union to use violence against dissidents of the Kuomintang during martial law in Taiwan.[8] He remained in prison for 10 years. While still in prison, he earned two more bachelor's degrees, one in psychology and one in sociology.[2]

A former leader of the Bamboo Union crime brotherhood,[9][8][10] Chang fled Taiwan in 1996 after being placed on the wanted list by authorities in Taipei for involvement in organized crime,[11][12] leading him to live in exile in Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.[13][14][15] Chang is credited with giving the Bamboo Union a political mission and a touch of romantic character which has made it more appealing to gain members from rival criminal gangs.[16]

During his time in China, the Chinese Unity Promotion Party was founded in 2004. He then started a Taiwan-based branch of the party in 2005.[17] He returned to Taiwan in June 2013 and was arrested by Taiwanese police on arrival at Songshan Airport and released on bail.[14] President Ma Ying-jeou received criticism for his lax treatment of Chang.[15]

Political career

[edit]

Upon his return to Taiwan, Chang opened a campaign headquarters affiliated with the "Chinese Unification Promotion Party" in downtown Tainan in order to prepare for elections in 2016.[18]

Following a police raid of one of the party's headquarters in November 2013, police stated their concerns about the political party's links to organized crime to the press.[19] Police alleged that the political party was being used as a front for membership in the Bamboo Union gang in New Taipei City; police also allege that illegal firearms had been trafficked and used in racketeering and turf war by the Yeh Shih branch (named after historical figure Ye Shi).[citation needed]

In 2013, his party claims that it has a membership of 20,000 persons, and 75 branch-offices (or headquarters).[20]

A supporter of the Ryukyu independence movement, in 2015, Chang went on a sightseeing trip to Okinawa and was received by the Kyokuryū-kai.[21][22] Chang said that "the relationship between the Ryukyu and China is historically intertwined, and it is my duty as a Chinese to make Ryukyu free from Japan".[23]

In one notable protest in February 2019, Chang tripped and stumbled into his own prop coffin that he had brought to symbolize Taiwanese fatalities that would result from resistance to invasion from the PRC.[24] In August 2019, Chang was arrested by Taiwanese police and prosecutors charged him and five party workers with taking illicit political donations, embezzlement, and tax evasion.[25]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ www.ocnus.net https://www.ocnus.net/article.php?The-White-Wolf-and-China---Profile-of-Taiwan-Triad-boss-Chang-An-Lo-66122. Retrieved 26 October 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d "Gang background infuses philosophy". archive.shine.cn. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  3. ^ "The White Wolf of Taiwan". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  4. ^ "'White wolf' Chang An-lo arrested in Taipei after 17 years on run". South China Morning Post. 29 June 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  5. ^ "The White Wolf of Taiwan: Chang An-lo and his reunification party". The China Project. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  6. ^ Chin, Ko-Lin (8 July 2016). Heijin: Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan. Routledge. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-315-49828-7. OCLC 953604095.
  7. ^ Arax, Mark (12 June 1985). "Reputed Gang Leader Jailed on Kidnaping and Extortion Charges". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  8. ^ a b "The White Wolf". The Economist. 4 September 2014. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  9. ^ Lubasch, Arnold H. (18 December 1986). "8 in Gang Linked to Taiwan Get Prison Sentences". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  10. ^ Arax, Mark (19 September 1985). "Reputed Gang Chief Charged in Liu Killing". Los Angeles Times.
  11. ^ "Chang An-lo" (in Chinese). Criminal Investigation Bureau. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  12. ^ Pomfret, John (31 December 2000). "The China Connection". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  13. ^ Chin (2003), p. 205.
  14. ^ a b Taiwan gang leader 'White Wolf' arrested after China exile, Herald Sun, 30 June 2013, retrieved 30 June 2013
  15. ^ a b Cole, J. Michael. "The Return of Gangster Politics in Taiwan". The Diplomat. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  16. ^ Xia, Yun. "The White Wolf of Taiwan". The Diplomat. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  17. ^ Hsiao, Alison (5 March 2017). "Reporter's Notebook: Survivors of 228 Incident divided along ethnic lines". Taipei Times. p. 3. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  18. ^ Tseng, Wei-chen; Chung, Jake (9 September 2013). "'White Wolf's' party to contest in 2016 elections". Taipei Times. p. 3. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  19. ^ Cheng, Shu-ting; Chung, Jake (8 November 2013). "Police link party to organized crime". Taipei Times. p. 3. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  20. ^ 張安樂29日返台：我沒有犯罪 (in Chinese). Central News Agency. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014. 中華統一促進黨有75個黨部，黨員2萬餘人
  21. ^ "赤ペンキ騒動の党、沖縄の「国連認定」反日組織とも接触 - Reuters". Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  22. ^ "統促黨密會日本黑道 自由時報". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  23. ^ "幫琉球獨立？白狼：身為中國人的責任三立新聞網". 7 July 2020. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  24. ^ Pan, Jason. "White Wolf' falls onto coffin; CUPP protesters detained". Taipei Times. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  25. ^ Pan, Jason. "Prosecutors charge 'White Wolf,' other CUPP members with illegal gains". Taipei Times. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

References

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