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Coordinates: 40°30′46″N 43°29′09″E / 40.51278°N 43.48583°E / 40.51278; 43.48583
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{{Infobox religious building|building_name=Bagnayr Monastery|religious_affiliation=[[Armenian Apostolic Church]]|image=Kozluca (Kars) - Bagnayr Monastery.jpg|image_upright=1.3|caption=Remains of the monastery|map_type=Turkey |relief=yes |map_size=300|location=[[Kozluca, Kars]]|geo={{coord|40|30|46|N|43|29|09|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}|rite=|cercle=|sector=|municipality=|district=|territory=|prefecture=|state=|province=|region=|consecration_year=|status=|functional_status=ruined|heritage_designation=|leadership=|website=|architect=|architecture_type=|architecture_style=[[Armenian architecture|Armenian]]|general_contractor=|groundbreaking=|year_completed=10th-13th century|construction_cost=|facade_direction=|capacity=|length=|width=|width_nave=|height_max=|dome_quantity=|dome_height_outer=|dome_height_inner=|dome_dia_outer=|dome_dia_inner=|minaret_quantity=|minaret_height=|spire_quantity=|spire_height=|materials=|nrhp=|designated=|added=|refnum=|specifications=|architecture=yes|infobox_width=|image_size=300}}
#REDIRECT [[Kozluca, Kars#Bagnayr monastery]]
The '''Bagnayr Monastery''' is a monastery in [[Kozluca, Kars]], 7 kilometers northwest of [[Ani]], built in the 10th century CE.<ref name="VANI">{{cite web |title=Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - Bagnayr Monastery |url=http://www.virtualani.org/bagnayr/index.htm |website=www.virtualani.org}}</ref> The name "Bagnayr" means "cave of fire altars", suggesting the much earlier presence of a [[Zoroastrian]] sanctuary on the site.<ref name="Bagnayr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.virtualani.org/bagnayr/index.htm |title=The Monastery of Bagnayr |language=en |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

==Construction==
According to Armenian sources, the 11th century historian [[Stepanos Asoghik]], [[Vahram Pahlavouni]] (died 1046) founded the monastery in the year 989.<ref name="VANI"/> The son of Vahram, Smbat Magistros Pahlavuni, is thought to have founded the main church, Surp Astuacacin, "Holy Mother of God". The church's oldest inscription is dated 1042.<ref name="VANI"/> The monastery was a major religious center in the 1040s and the Pahlavunis maintained their patronage into the 13th century.<ref name="VANI"/> Various inscription mention the construction of chapels in 1145, 1200, 1223 and 1229.<ref name="VANI"/> The monastery was probably abandoned at the end of the 13th century.<ref name="Bagnayr"/>

Two walls and an arch vaulted door remain, but the annular vault of the door is ruined. At the internal section of the remaining walls, 5 arches and 5 dummy columns are interconnected and epitaphs are placed in between the columns. The middle dome and north wall of the church are collapsed and only 2 columns have remained. The top of the remaining south walls is decorated with geometrical designs in carving technique.<ref>Jean Michel Thierry, ''A Propos de quelques monuments chrétiens du Vilayet de Kars'', Revue des Études Arméniennes XVII (1983), pp. 329-394.</ref>

A large [[zhamatun]], acutally larger than the church, was built in the late 12th century, its oldest inscription dating to 1201.<ref name="VANI"/> It is structured around four free-standing columns and eight engaged semi-columns, and its stone ceiling has nine compartments.<ref name="VANI"/> The central compartment had a pyramidal vault with ''[[muqarnas]]'' stalactite moulding, and an oculus opening at the summit.<ref name="VANI"/>

An hexagonal chapel stands north of the main complex, and is probably dated to the 9th or 10th century, given its similarity to the church of St. Gregory of the Abughamrents in [[Ani]].<ref name="VANI"/> This ''Küçük Kozluca Church'', remains partially preserved. This six-foil domed church has lost all of the coverings, and almost all of the exterior stone blocks have been scavenged, but the basic structure remains intact.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.aravot.am/2021/04/12/280466/ |title=The situation of Christian architectural heritage in Turkey |language=en |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

==Style==
The columns are short and rather fat, and are decorated with ''[[muqarnas]]'' ornementation. Such decorations can also be found in [[Horomos Monastery]] (dated 1277) or the [[Menucihr Mosque]] (dated 1072-1086).<ref>{{cite book |title=Ani Cultural Landscape |publisher=Unesco |page=31 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1518.pdf |quote=The similarity of short and fat columns with capitals bearing muqarnas ornamentation can be found inside the hall at the monastery of Horomos and Bagnayr Monasteries.}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Kozluca (Kars) - Bagnayr Monastery.jpg|{{center|Küçük Kozluca Church}}
File:Bagnayr Monastery (4233368866).jpg|Bagnayr Monastery, ''[[zhamatun]]'' columns and arcades, and remain of the central vault decorated by ''[[muqarnas]]''
File:Bagnayr Monastery (4232596879).jpg|Wall with ''[[muqarnas]]'' decorations
File:Bagnayr Monastery muqarnas.jpg|Bagnayr Monastery ''[[muqarnas]]''
File:Bagnayr Monastery (4233371542).jpg|Inscription
File:Bagnayr_Monastery_(4233387158).jpg|The hexagonal chapel
File:Bagnayr Monastery plan.gif|Plan
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kars District}}
{{Armenian Churches}}

[[Category:Destroyed Armenian monasteries in Turkey]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Destroyed Armenian churches in Turkey]]

Revision as of 14:15, 4 April 2024

Bagnayr Monastery
Remains of the monastery
Religion
AffiliationArmenian Apostolic Church
Statusruined
Location
LocationKozluca, Kars
Bagnayr Monastery is located in Turkey
Bagnayr Monastery
Shown within Turkey
Geographic coordinates40°30′46″N 43°29′09″E / 40.51278°N 43.48583°E / 40.51278; 43.48583
Architecture
StyleArmenian
Completed10th-13th century

The Bagnayr Monastery is a monastery in Kozluca, Kars, 7 kilometers northwest of Ani, built in the 10th century CE.[1] The name "Bagnayr" means "cave of fire altars", suggesting the much earlier presence of a Zoroastrian sanctuary on the site.[2]

Construction

According to Armenian sources, the 11th century historian Stepanos Asoghik, Vahram Pahlavouni (died 1046) founded the monastery in the year 989.[1] The son of Vahram, Smbat Magistros Pahlavuni, is thought to have founded the main church, Surp Astuacacin, "Holy Mother of God". The church's oldest inscription is dated 1042.[1] The monastery was a major religious center in the 1040s and the Pahlavunis maintained their patronage into the 13th century.[1] Various inscription mention the construction of chapels in 1145, 1200, 1223 and 1229.[1] The monastery was probably abandoned at the end of the 13th century.[2]

Two walls and an arch vaulted door remain, but the annular vault of the door is ruined. At the internal section of the remaining walls, 5 arches and 5 dummy columns are interconnected and epitaphs are placed in between the columns. The middle dome and north wall of the church are collapsed and only 2 columns have remained. The top of the remaining south walls is decorated with geometrical designs in carving technique.[3]

A large zhamatun, acutally larger than the church, was built in the late 12th century, its oldest inscription dating to 1201.[1] It is structured around four free-standing columns and eight engaged semi-columns, and its stone ceiling has nine compartments.[1] The central compartment had a pyramidal vault with muqarnas stalactite moulding, and an oculus opening at the summit.[1]

An hexagonal chapel stands north of the main complex, and is probably dated to the 9th or 10th century, given its similarity to the church of St. Gregory of the Abughamrents in Ani.[1] This Küçük Kozluca Church, remains partially preserved. This six-foil domed church has lost all of the coverings, and almost all of the exterior stone blocks have been scavenged, but the basic structure remains intact.[4]

Style

The columns are short and rather fat, and are decorated with muqarnas ornementation. Such decorations can also be found in Horomos Monastery (dated 1277) or the Menucihr Mosque (dated 1072-1086).[5]

  • Küçük Kozluca Church
    Küçük Kozluca Church
  • Bagnayr Monastery, zhamatun columns and arcades, and remain of the central vault decorated by muqarnas
    Bagnayr Monastery, zhamatun columns and arcades, and remain of the central vault decorated by muqarnas
  • Wall with muqarnas decorations
    Wall with muqarnas decorations
  • Bagnayr Monastery muqarnas
    Bagnayr Monastery muqarnas
  • Inscription
    Inscription
  • The hexagonal chapel
    The hexagonal chapel
  • Plan
    Plan

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - Bagnayr Monastery". www.virtualani.org.
  2. ^ a b "The Monastery of Bagnayr". Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  3. ^ Jean Michel Thierry, A Propos de quelques monuments chrétiens du Vilayet de Kars, Revue des Études Arméniennes XVII (1983), pp. 329-394.
  4. ^ "The situation of Christian architectural heritage in Turkey". Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  5. ^ Ani Cultural Landscape (PDF). Unesco. p. 31. The similarity of short and fat columns with capitals bearing muqarnas ornamentation can be found inside the hall at the monastery of Horomos and Bagnayr Monasteries.
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