Antarctic Plate: Difference between revisions

Antarctic Plate
Antarctic Plate
Type	Major
Approximate area	60,900,000 km2 (23,500,000 sq mi)
Movement1	South-west
Speed1	12–14 mm (0.47–0.55 in)/year
Features	Antarctica, Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Ocean
	1Relative to the African Plate

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The Antarctic Plate is a tectonic plate containing the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau, and some remote islands in the Southern Ocean and other surrounding oceans. After breakup from Gondwana (the southern part of the supercontinent Pangea), the Antarctic plate began moving the continent of Antarctica south to its present isolated location, causing the continent to develop a much colder climate.^[2] The Antarctic Plate is bounded almost entirely by extensional mid-ocean ridge systems. The adjoining plates are the Nazca Plate, the South American Plate, the African Plate, the Somali Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and, across a transform boundary, the Scotia Plate.

The Antarctic Plate has an area of about 60,900,000 km² (23,500,000 sq mi).^[3] It is Earth's fifth-largest tectonic plate.

The Antarctic Plate's movement is estimated to be at least 1 cm (0.4 in) per year towards the Atlantic Ocean.^[4]

Subduction beneath South America

The Antarctic Plate started to subduct beneath South America 14 million years ago in the Miocene epoch. At first it subducted only in the southernmost tip of Patagonia, meaning that the Chile Triple Junction lay near the Strait of Magellan. As the southern part of the Nazca Plate and the Chile Rise became consumed by subduction the more northerly regions of the Antarctic Plate began to subduct beneath Patagonia so that the Chile Triple Junction lies at present in front of Taitao Peninsula at 46°15' S.^[5]^[6] The subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath South America is held to have uplifted Patagonia as it reduced the previously vigorous down-dragging flow in the Earth's mantle caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath Patagonia. The dynamic topography caused by this uplift raised Quaternary-aged marine terraces and beaches across the Atlantic coast of Patagonia.^[6]

Land

Amsterdam Island (France)
Antarctica
Crozet Islands (France)
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Australia)
- Heard Island
- McDonald Islands
Kerguelen Islands (France)
Peter I Island
Prince Edward Islands (South Africa)
Saint Paul Island (France)
South Orkney Islands
South Shetland Islands

References

^ "Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates". Geology.about.com. March 5, 2014. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
^ Fitzgerald, Paul (2002). "Tectonics and landscape evolution of the Antarctic plate since the breakup of Gondwana, with an emphasis on the West Antarctic Rift System and the Transantarctic Mountains" (PDF). Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin (35): 453–469. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Wohletz, K.H.; Brown, W.K. "SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013.
^ Jiang, Wei-Ping; E, Dong-Chen; Zhan, Bi-Wei; Liu, You-Wen (2009). "New Model of Antarctic Plate Motion and Its Analysis". Chinese Journal of Geophysics. 52 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1002/cjg2.1323. ISSN 2326-0440.
^ Cande, S.C.; Leslie, R.B. (1986). "Late Cenozoic Tectonics of the Southern Chile Trench". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 91 (B1): 471–496. Bibcode:1986JGR....91..471C. doi:10.1029/JB091iB01p00471.
^ ^a ^b Pedoja, Kevin; Regard, Vincent; Husson, Laurent; Martinod, Joseph; Guillaume, Benjamin; Fucks, Enrique; Iglesias, Maximiliano; Weill, Pierre (2011). "Uplift of quaternary shorelines in eastern Patagonia: Darwin revisited" (PDF). Geomorphology. 127 (3–4): 121–142. Bibcode:2011Geomo.127..121P. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.003.

[1] "Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates". Geology.about.com. March 5, 2014. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.

[2] Fitzgerald, Paul (2002). "Tectonics and landscape evolution of the Antarctic plate since the breakup of Gondwana, with an emphasis on the West Antarctic Rift System and the Transantarctic Mountains" (PDF). Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin (35): 453–469. Retrieved February 1, 2015.

[3] Wohletz, K.H.; Brown, W.K. "SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013.

[4] Jiang, Wei-Ping; E, Dong-Chen; Zhan, Bi-Wei; Liu, You-Wen (2009). "New Model of Antarctic Plate Motion and Its Analysis". Chinese Journal of Geophysics. 52 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1002/cjg2.1323. ISSN 2326-0440.

[5] Cande, S.C.; Leslie, R.B. (1986). "Late Cenozoic Tectonics of the Southern Chile Trench". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 91 (B1): 471–496. Bibcode:1986JGR....91..471C. doi:10.1029/JB091iB01p00471.

[Pedojaetal2011-6] Pedoja, Kevin; Regard, Vincent; Husson, Laurent; Martinod, Joseph; Guillaume, Benjamin; Fucks, Enrique; Iglesias, Maximiliano; Weill, Pierre (2011). "Uplift of quaternary shorelines in eastern Patagonia: Darwin revisited" (PDF). Geomorphology. 127 (3–4): 121–142. Bibcode:2011Geomo.127..121P. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.003.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|A tectonic plate containing the continent of Antarctica and extending outward under the surrounding oceans}}
+{{Short description|Major tectonic plate containing Antarctica and the surrounding ocean floor}}
+<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Antarctic plate|2=Talk:Eurasian Plate#Requested move 6 October 2024}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2016}}
+</noinclude>{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
 {{Infobox tectonic plate
 | image = File:AntarcticPlate.png
+| image_size = 320px
-| alt = The Antarctic Plate
+| image_alt =
 | type = [[List of tectonic plates#Major plates|Major]]
-| area = {{convert|60,900,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blplate_size_table.htm |title=Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates |publisher=Geology.about.com |date=March 5, 2014 |access-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref>
+| area = {{convert|60,900,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blplate_size_table.htm |title=Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates |publisher=Geology.about.com |date=March 5, 2014 |access-date=January 22, 2016 |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605161523/http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blplate_size_table.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-| move_direction = south-west
+| move_direction = South-west
 | move_speed = {{convert|12|-|14|mm|in|abbr=on}}/year
-| geo_features = [[Antarctica]], [[Southern Ocean]]
+| geo_features = [[Antarctica]], [[Kerguelen Plateau]], [[Southern Ocean]]
 }}
-The '''Antarctic Plate''' is a [[tectonic plate]] containing the [[continent]] of [[Antarctica]], the [[Kerguelen Plateau]] and extending outward under the surrounding [[ocean]]s. After breakup from [[Gondwana]] (the southern part of the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangea]]), the Antarctic plate began moving the continent of Antarctica south to its present isolated location causing the continent to develop a much colder climate.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Paul|title=Tectonics and landscape evolution of the Antarctic plate since the breakup of Gondwana, with an emphasis on the West Antarctic Rift System and the Transantarctic Mountains|journal=Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin|date=2002|issue=35|pages=453–469|access-date=February 1, 2015|url=http://www.geology.cwu.edu/facstaff/huerta/g501/pdf/Fitzgerald2002.pdf}}</ref> The Antarctic Plate is bounded almost entirely by extensional [[mid-ocean ridge]] systems. The adjoining plates are the [[Nazca Plate]], the [[South American Plate]], the [[African Plate]], the [[Somali Plate]], the [[Indo-Australian Plate]], the [[Pacific Plate]], and, across a [[Transform fault|transform boundary]], the [[Scotia Plate]].
+The '''Antarctic Plate''' is a [[list of tectonic plates|tectonic plate]] containing the [[continent]] of [[Antarctica]], the [[Kerguelen Plateau]], and [[list of Antarctic and subantarctic islands|some remote islands]] in the [[Southern Ocean]] and other surrounding [[ocean]]s. After breakup from [[Gondwana]] (the southern part of the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangea]]), the Antarctic plate began moving the continent of Antarctica south to its present isolated location, causing the continent to develop a much colder climate.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Paul|title=Tectonics and landscape evolution of the Antarctic plate since the breakup of Gondwana, with an emphasis on the West Antarctic Rift System and the Transantarctic Mountains|journal=Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin|date=2002|issue=35|pages=453–469|access-date=February 1, 2015|url=http://www.geology.cwu.edu/facstaff/huerta/g501/pdf/Fitzgerald2002.pdf}}</ref> The Antarctic Plate is bounded almost entirely by extensional [[mid-ocean ridge]] systems. The adjoining plates are the [[Nazca Plate]], the [[South American Plate]], the [[African Plate]], the [[Somali Plate]], the [[Indo-Australian Plate]], the [[Pacific Plate]], and, across a [[transform fault|transform boundary]], the [[Scotia Plate]].
-The Antarctic Plate has an area of about {{convert|60,900,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ees1.lanl.gov/Wohletz/SFT-Tectonics.htm |title=SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates |last1=Wohletz |first1=K.H. |last2=Brown |first2=W.K. |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217002443/http://www.ees1.lanl.gov/Wohletz/SFT-Tectonics.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the Earth's fifth-largest plate.
+The Antarctic Plate has an area of about {{convert|60,900,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ees1.lanl.gov/Wohletz/SFT-Tectonics.htm |title=SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates |last1=Wohletz |first1=K.H. |last2=Brown |first2=W.K. |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217002443/http://www.ees1.lanl.gov/Wohletz/SFT-Tectonics.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is Earth's fifth-largest tectonic plate.
-The Antarctic Plate's movement is estimated to be at least {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} per year towards the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wei-Ping|last2=E|first2=Dong-Chen|last3=Zhan|first3=Bi-Wei|last4=Liu|first4=You-Wen|date=2009|title=New Model of Antarctic Plate Motion and Its Analysis|journal=Chinese Journal of Geophysics|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=23–32|doi=10.1002/cjg2.1323|issn=2326-0440}}</ref>
+The Antarctic Plate's movement is estimated to be at least {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} per year towards the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Wei-Ping|last2=E|first2=Dong-Chen|last3=Zhan|first3=Bi-Wei|last4=Liu|first4=You-Wen|date=2009|title=New Model of Antarctic Plate Motion and Its Analysis|journal=Chinese Journal of Geophysics|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=23–32|doi=10.1002/cjg2.1323|issn=2326-0440}}</ref>
 ==Subduction beneath South America==
-The Antarctic Plate started to [[subduction|subduct]] beneath South America 14 million years ago in the [[Miocene|Miocene epoch]]. At first it subducted only in the southernmost tip of [[Tectonic evolution of Patagonia|Patagonia]], meaning that the [[Chile Triple Junction]] lay near the [[Strait of Magellan]]. As the southern part of the [[Nazca Plate]] and the [[Chile Rise]] became consumed by subduction the more northerly regions of the Antarctic Plate began to subduct beneath Patagonia so that the Chile Triple Junction lies at present in front of [[Taitao Peninsula]] at 46°15' S.<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Cande|author-first=S.C.|author-last2=Leslie|author-first2=R.B.  |date=1986|title=Late Cenozoic Tectonics of the Southern Chile Trench|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=91|pages= 471–496|doi=10.1029/JB091iB01p00471}}</ref><ref name=Pedojaetal2011/>
+The Antarctic Plate started to [[subduction|subduct]] beneath South America 14 million years ago in the [[Miocene|Miocene epoch]]. At first it subducted only in the southernmost tip of [[tectonic evolution of Patagonia|Patagonia]], meaning that the [[Chile Triple Junction]] lay near the [[Strait of Magellan]]. As the southern part of the [[Nazca Plate]] and the [[Chile Ridge|Chile Rise]] became consumed by subduction the more northerly regions of the Antarctic Plate began to subduct beneath Patagonia so that the Chile Triple Junction lies at present in front of [[Taitao Peninsula]] at 46°15' S.<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Cande|author-first=S.C.|author-last2=Leslie|author-first2=R.B.  |date=1986|title=Late Cenozoic Tectonics of the Southern Chile Trench|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=91|issue=B1 |pages= 471–496|doi=10.1029/JB091iB01p00471|bibcode=1986JGR....91..471C }}</ref><ref name=Pedojaetal2011/>
-The subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath South America is held to have uplifted [[Patagonia]] as it reduced the previously vigorous down-dragging flow in the [[mantle (geology)|Earth's mantle]] caused by the subduction of the [[Nazca Plate]] beneath Patagonia. The [[dynamic topography]] caused by this uplift raised [[Quaternary|Quaternary-aged]] [[marine terrace]]s and beaches across the Atlantic coast of Patagonia.<ref name=Pedojaetal2011>{{cite journal|author-last=Pedoja|author-first=Kevin|author-last2=Regard|author-first2=Vincent |author-last3=Husson|author-first3=Laurent | author-last4=Martinod|author-first4=Joseph| author-last5=Guillaume|author-first5=Benjamin| author-last6=Fucks|author-first6=Enrique| author-last7=Iglesias|author-first7=Maximiliano| author-last8=Weill|author-first8=Pierre |date=2011|title=Uplift of quaternary shorelines in eastern Patagonia: Darwin revisited |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=127 |issue=3–4|pages=121–142|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.003|url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00610899/file/pedoja2011.pdf}}</ref>
+The subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath South America is held to have uplifted [[Patagonia]] as it reduced the previously vigorous down-dragging flow in the [[mantle (geology)|Earth's mantle]] caused by the subduction of the [[Nazca Plate]] beneath Patagonia. The [[dynamic topography]] caused by this uplift raised [[Quaternary]]-aged [[raised beach|marine terraces]] and beaches across the Atlantic coast of Patagonia.<ref name=Pedojaetal2011>{{cite journal|author-last=Pedoja|author-first=Kevin|author-last2=Regard|author-first2=Vincent |author-last3=Husson|author-first3=Laurent | author-last4=Martinod|author-first4=Joseph| author-last5=Guillaume|author-first5=Benjamin| author-last6=Fucks|author-first6=Enrique| author-last7=Iglesias|author-first7=Maximiliano| author-last8=Weill|author-first8=Pierre |date=2011|title=Uplift of quaternary shorelines in eastern Patagonia: Darwin revisited |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=127 |issue=3–4|pages=121–142|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.003|bibcode=2011Geomo.127..121P |url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00610899/file/pedoja2011.pdf}}</ref>
-== Lands ==
+== Land ==
+* [[Île Amsterdam|Amsterdam Island]] ([[France]])
-* [[Antarctica]] (continent)
+* [[Antarctica]]
-* [[Bouvet Island]] (Norway)
+** [[East Antarctica]]
+** [[Transantarctic Mountains]]
+** [[West Antarctica]]
+*** [[Antarctic Peninsula]]
 * [[Crozet Islands]] (France)
+* [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]] ([[Australia]])
-* [[Île Amsterdam]] (France)
+** [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands#Geography|Heard Island]]
-* [[Île Saint-Paul]] (France)
+** [[McDonald Islands (Australia)|McDonald Islands]]
-* [[Kerguelen Plateau]] (seabed)
-** [[Kerguelen Islands]] (France)
+* [[Kerguelen Islands]] (France)
-** [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]] (Australia)
+* [[Peter I Island]]
+* [[Prince Edward Islands]] ([[South Africa]])
+* [[Île Saint-Paul|Saint Paul Island]] (France)
+* [[South Orkney Islands]]
+* [[South Shetland Islands]]
 == References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{reflist}}
 {{Portal bar|Geography}}
 {{Tectonic plates}}

v t e Tectonic plates
Major plates	African Antarctic Eurasian Indo-Australian Australian Indian North American Pacific South American
Minor plates	Amurian Arabian Burma Caribbean Caroline Cocos Indian Nazca New Hebrides Okhotsk Philippine Scotia Somali Sunda Yangtze
Microplates	Adriatic Aegean Sea Anatolian Balmoral Reef Banda Sea Bird's Head Capricorn Coiba Conway Reef Easter Explorer Futuna Galápagos Gonâve Gorda Greenland Halmahera Iberian Iranian Juan de Fuca Juan Fernández Kerguelen Kermadec Lwandle Madagascar Malpelo Manus Maoke Mariana Molucca Sea Niuafo’ou North Andes North Bismarck North Galápagos Okinawa Panama Pelso Philippine Mobile Belt Rivera Rovuma Sangihe Seychelles Shetland Solomon Sea South Bismarck South Sandwich Timor Tisza Tonga Trobriand Victoria Woodlark
Ancient plates	Baltic Bellingshausen Charcot Cimmeria Farallon Insular Intermontane Izanagi Kula Lhasa Malvinas Moa Phoenix Kshiroda
Oceanic ridges	Aden Ridge Carlsberg Ridge Central Indian Ridge Chile Ridge Cocos Ridge East Pacific Rise Explorer Ridge Gakkel Ridge Galápagos Spreading Center Gorda Ridge Juan de Fuca Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge Knipovich Ridge Kolbeinsey Ridge Mohns Ridge Reykjanes Ridge Pacific-Antarctic Ridge South American–Antarctic Ridge Southeast Indian Ridge Southwest Indian Ridge
Ancient oceanic ridges	Aegir Ridge Alpha Ridge Kula-Farallon Ridge Mid-Labrador Ridge Pacific-Farallon Ridge Pacific-Kula Ridge Phoenix Ridge
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