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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
⚫
{{Taxobox | name = Common agrimony
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = Common agrimony
| image = Illustration Agrimonia eupatoria0.jpg
| image = Illustration Agrimonia eupatoria0.jpg
| image_caption = ''Agrimonia eupatoria''
| image_caption = ''Agrimonia eupatoria''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| genus = Agrimonia
⚫
| species = eupatoria
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Agrimonia]]''
⚫
| species = '''''A. eupatoria'''''
| binomial = ''Agrimonia eupatoria''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
}}

'''''Agrimonia eupatoria''''' is a species of [[agrimony]] that is often referred to as '''common agrimony''', '''church steeples''' or '''sticklewort'''.
'''''Agrimonia eupatoria''''' is a species of [[agrimony]] that is often referred to as '''common agrimony''', '''church steeples''' or '''sticklewort'''.


The whole [[plant]] is dark green with numerous soft hairs. The soft hairs aid in the plant's seed pods sticking to any animal or person coming in contact with the plant. The flower spikes have a spicy odor like apricots. In the Language of Flowers Agrimony means thankfulness or gratitude.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agrimony Wildflowers|url=http://www.wildflowers-guide.com/39-agrimony.html}}</ref>
The whole [[plant]] is dark green with numerous soft hairs. The soft hairs aid in the plant's seed pods sticking to any animal or person coming in contact with the plant. The flower spikes have a spicy odor like apricots. In the [[language of flowers]], agrimony means thankfulness or gratitude.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agrimony Wildflowers |url=http://www.wildflowers-guide.com/39-agrimony.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226161459/http://www.wildflowers-guide.com/39-agrimony.html |archivedate=2013-12-26 }}</ref>


''A. eupatoria'' is a foodplant for the [[caterpillar]]s of the [[snout moth]] ''[[Endotricha flammealis]]''.
''A. eupatoria'' is a foodplant for the [[caterpillar]]s of the [[snout moth]] ''[[Endotricha flammealis]]''.


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Odermennig.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Agrimonia eupatoria flower from June to September]]
[[File:Agrimonia eupatoria - Keila.jpg|thumb|left|175px|''Agrimonia eupatoria'' flower from June to September]]
[[File:Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpg|thumb|left|200px|the hooked, burr-like seed heads, helping dispersal as they attach to passing animals]]
[[File:Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpg|thumb|Hooked, burr-like seed heads attach to passing animals, helping to disperse the seeds]]


===Vegetative characteristics ===
===Vegetative characteristics ===
Line 29: Line 25:


===Generative characteristics===
===Generative characteristics===
⚫
[[File:Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg|thumb|Fruits showing the burrs]]
⚫
The short-stemmed flowers appear from June to September, in long, spike-like, [[racemose]] [[inflorescences]]. The single flower has an urn-shaped curved flower cup, the upper edge has several rows of soft, curved hook-shaped bristles, {{convert|1-4|mm|abbr=on}} long. The [[hermaphrodite]] flower has fivefold [[radial symmetry]]. There are five [[sepal]]s present . There are five yellow, rounded [[petal]]s.<ref name='Grieve'/> The petals and the five to 20 [[stamen]]s rise above the tip of the flower cup . The two medium-sized [[carpel]]s in the flower cups are sunk into, but not fused with it. The fruits are achenes approximately 0.6 cm (0.2 inch) in diameter and each have a number of hooks that enable it to cling to animal fur and clothing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/agrimony|title = Agrimony|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=2024|accessdate=20 August 2024}}</ref> Each achene may have one or two seeds.<ref name="BojnanskýFargašová2007">{{cite book|author1=Vít Bojnanský|author2=Agáta Fargašová|title=Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSMe0qHGVaAC&pg=PA273|date=17 September 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-5362-7|pages=273–}}</ref>


''Agrimonia eupatoria'' is native to Europe and Southwestern Asia, where it grows in damp meadows, pasture, along stream banks, and among shrubs.<ref name="BojnanskýFargašová2007"/>
⚫
The short-stemmed flowers appear from June to September, in long, spike-like, [[racemose]] [[inflorescences]]. The single flower has an urn-shaped curved flower cup, the upper edge has several rows of soft, curved hook-shaped bristles, {{convert|1-4|mm|abbr=on}} long. The [[hermaphrodite]] flower has fivefold [[radial symmetry]]. There are five [[sepal]]s present . There are five yellow, rounded [[petal]]s.<ref name='Grieve'/> The petals and the five to 20 [[stamen]]s rise above the tip of the flower cup . The two medium-sized [[carpel]]s in the flower cups are sunk into, but not fused with it. The flowers with their abundant pollen supply attract [[hoverflies]], [[flies]] and [[honey bees]]. The pollinated flowers develop fruits with burs. These attach to passing grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and deer and are spread over a large area.<ref name='Grieve'/>


==In folklore==
==In folklore==
Agrimony has been supposed to have magical, medical properties since the time of [[Pliny the Elder]]. Common folklore held that it could cure [[musket]] wounds by being brewed into ''"arquebusade water,"'' and ward off [[witchcraft]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Tobyn |first=Graeme |title=Chapter 6 - ''Agrimonia eupatoria'', agrimony |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443103445000112 |work=Medical Herbs |pages=47–55 |editor-last=Tobyn |editor-first=Graeme |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-443-10344-5.00011-2 |isbn=978-0-443-10344-5 |access-date=2022-06-23 |last2=Denham |first2=Alison |last3=Whitelegg |first3=Margaret |editor2-last=Denham |editor2-first=Alison |editor3-last=Whitelegg |editor3-first=Margaret}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernie |first=William Thomas |title=Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure |year=1895}}</ref>
Agrimony has been stated to have medical and magical properties since the time of [[Pliny the Elder]]. It is ruled astrologically by [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]], according to [[Nicholas Culpeper]]. Common folklore held that it could cure [[musket]] wounds and ward off [[witchcraft]].{{fact|date=May 2016}}


Traditional British folklore states that if a sprig of the plant was placed under a person's head, they would sleep until it was removed. <ref>Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions
Traditional British folklore states that if a sprig of the plant was placed under a person's head, sleep would persist until it was removed.<ref>Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions, Gabrielle Hatfield, p.310</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2024}}
By Gabrielle Hatfield, p.310</ref>


==Ecology==
⚫
[[Image:Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg|thumb|left|[[Seed]]s]]
The flowers with their abundant pollen supply attract [[hoverflies]], [[flies]] and [[honey bees]]. They also are an important food source for butterflies like the [[grizzled skipper]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Streitberger|first1=Merle|last2=Fartmann|first2=Thomas|date=2013-01-01|title=Molehills as important larval habitats for the grizzled skipper, Pyrgus malvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in calcareous grasslands|journal= European Journal of Entomology|language=en|volume=110|issue=4|pages=643–648|doi=10.14411/eje.2013.087|issn=1210-5759|url=http://www.eje.cz/doi/10.14411/eje.2013.087.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> The pollinated flowers develop fruits with burs. These attach to passing grazing animals, such as cattle, sheep and deer, and are [[seed dispersal|dispersed]] over a large area.<ref name='Grieve'/>


Agrimony is found usually in young [[grassland]]s, less than 50 years old.<ref> M. Ingrouille, Historical Ecology of the British Flora, p219</ref> It is a wild host for a few insect pest species (''[[Stigmella fragariella]]'' and ''Coroebus elatus'') that feed on loganberries, raspberries, and strawberries in Europe.<ref name="Alford2007">{{cite book|author=David V Alford|title=Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiiolhPporQC&pg=PA198|date=27 February 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-84076-501-4|pages=198–}}</ref>
==Chemistry==

⚫
Contains [[volatile oil]]s, [[flavonoid]]s, [[apigenin]], [[luteolin]], [[quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], [[tiliroside]], [[triterpene]] [[glycoside]]s including [[euscapic acid]] and [[tormentic acid]], [[phenolic acid]]s, and 3%–21% [[tannin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Frances Watkins, Barbara Pendry, Alberto Sanchez-Medina, Olivia Corcoran | title = Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England Original Research Article Pages 408-415 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 144 | issue= 2 | pages = 225–456 | year = 2012|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.031 }}</ref>
==Phytochemistry==
⚫
The plant contains [[volatile oil]]s, [[flavonoid]]s, [[apigenin]], [[luteolin]], [[quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], tiliroside, [[triterpene]] [[glycoside]]s, including euscaphic acid and tormentic acid, [[phenolic acid]]s, and 3%–21% [[tannin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Frances Watkins |author2=Barbara Pendry |author3=Alberto Sanchez-Medina |author4=Olivia Corcoran | title = Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 144 | issue= 2 | pages = 225–456 | year = 2012|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.031 |pmid=23026307 |url=http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1715/3/2012_Watkins_etal_Antimicrobial.pdf }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Agrimonia eupatoria (Agrimony) - Theodore Green - 26 1931 8.jpg|Image of ''Agrimony eupatoria'' by Theodore Green (1933)
</gallery>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
* Howard, Michael. ''Traditional Folk remedies'' (Century, 1987, pp 96–97)
* Howard, Michael. ''Traditional Folk Remedies'' (Century, 1987, pp 96–97)
*{{eol|637537}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Agrimonia eupatoria}}
{{Commons category-inline|Agrimonia eupatoria}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q156865}}
⚫
[[Category:Rosoideae]]

⚫
[[Category:Agrimonia|eupatoria]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Macaronesia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Witchcraft]]
[[Category:European witchcraft]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Superstitions of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Superstitions of Great Britain]]

Latest revision as of 23:06, 12 September 2024

Common agrimony
Agrimonia eupatoria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Agrimonia
Species:
A. eupatoria
Binomial name
Agrimonia eupatoria

Agrimonia eupatoria is a species of agrimony that is often referred to as common agrimony, church steeples or sticklewort.

The whole plant is dark green with numerous soft hairs. The soft hairs aid in the plant's seed pods sticking to any animal or person coming in contact with the plant. The flower spikes have a spicy odor like apricots. In the language of flowers, agrimony means thankfulness or gratitude.[1]

A. eupatoria is a foodplant for the caterpillars of the snout moth Endotricha flammealis.

Description

[edit]
Agrimonia eupatoria flower from June to September
Hooked, burr-like seed heads attach to passing animals, helping to disperse the seeds

Vegetative characteristics

[edit]

The common agrimony grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reached heights of up to 100 cm (39 in). Its roots are deep rhizomes, from which spring the stems. It is characterized by its typical serrated edged pinnate leaves.[2]

Generative characteristics

[edit]
Fruits showing the burrs

The short-stemmed flowers appear from June to September, in long, spike-like, racemose inflorescences. The single flower has an urn-shaped curved flower cup, the upper edge has several rows of soft, curved hook-shaped bristles, 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. The hermaphrodite flower has fivefold radial symmetry. There are five sepals present . There are five yellow, rounded petals.[2] The petals and the five to 20 stamens rise above the tip of the flower cup . The two medium-sized carpels in the flower cups are sunk into, but not fused with it. The fruits are achenes approximately 0.6 cm (0.2 inch) in diameter and each have a number of hooks that enable it to cling to animal fur and clothing.[3] Each achene may have one or two seeds.[4]

Agrimonia eupatoria is native to Europe and Southwestern Asia, where it grows in damp meadows, pasture, along stream banks, and among shrubs.[4]

In folklore

[edit]

Agrimony has been supposed to have magical, medical properties since the time of Pliny the Elder. Common folklore held that it could cure musket wounds by being brewed into "arquebusade water," and ward off witchcraft.[5][6]

Traditional British folklore states that if a sprig of the plant was placed under a person's head, sleep would persist until it was removed.[7][better source needed]

Ecology

[edit]

The flowers with their abundant pollen supply attract hoverflies, flies and honey bees. They also are an important food source for butterflies like the grizzled skipper.[8] The pollinated flowers develop fruits with burs. These attach to passing grazing animals, such as cattle, sheep and deer, and are dispersed over a large area.[2]

Agrimony is found usually in young grasslands, less than 50 years old.[9] It is a wild host for a few insect pest species (Stigmella fragariella and Coroebus elatus) that feed on loganberries, raspberries, and strawberries in Europe.[10]

Phytochemistry

[edit]

The plant contains volatile oils, flavonoids, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, tiliroside, triterpene glycosides, including euscaphic acid and tormentic acid, phenolic acids, and 3%–21% tannins.[11]

[edit]
  • Image of Agrimony eupatoria by Theodore Green (1933)
    Image of Agrimony eupatoria by Theodore Green (1933)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Agrimony Wildflowers". Archived from the original on 2013-12-26.
  2. ^ a b c Grieve, Mrs M. "Agrimony". A Modern Herbal. Botanical.com. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
  3. ^ "Agrimony". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  4. ^ a b Vít Bojnanský; Agáta Fargašová (17 September 2007). Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 273–. ISBN 978-1-4020-5362-7.
  5. ^ Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Margaret (2011-01-01), Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Margaret (eds.), "Chapter 6 - Agrimonia eupatoria, agrimony", Medical Herbs, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 47–55, doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10344-5.00011-2, ISBN 978-0-443-10344-5, retrieved 2022-06-23
  6. ^ Fernie, William Thomas (1895). Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure.
  7. ^ Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions, Gabrielle Hatfield, p.310
  8. ^ Streitberger, Merle; Fartmann, Thomas (2013-01-01). "Molehills as important larval habitats for the grizzled skipper, Pyrgus malvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in calcareous grasslands" (PDF). European Journal of Entomology. 110 (4): 643–648. doi:10.14411/eje.2013.087. ISSN 1210-5759.
  9. ^ M. Ingrouille, Historical Ecology of the British Flora, p219
  10. ^ David V Alford (27 February 2007). Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-1-84076-501-4.
  11. ^ Frances Watkins; Barbara Pendry; Alberto Sanchez-Medina; Olivia Corcoran (2012). "Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England" (PDF). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 144 (2): 225–456. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.031. PMID 23026307.

References

[edit]
  • Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987, pp 96–97)
[edit]

Media related to Agrimonia eupatoria at Wikimedia Commons

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