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Harej/sandbox2
Harej/sandbox2
Personal details
Children	Malia; Sasha;
Parents	Barack Obama Sr.; Ann Dunham;
Relatives	Obama family
Education	Columbia University (BA); Harvard University (JD);
Occupation	Politician; lawyer; author;
Awards	Full list
Signature
Website	Official website; Obama Foundation; White House Archives;
	Barack Obama's voice Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden; Recorded May 2, 2011

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Barack Hussein Obama II^[a] (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. As a member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African-American president in U.S. history. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.

Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. He graduated from Columbia University in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and later worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, Obama would enroll in Harvard Law School, where he became the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obama represented the 13th district in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004, when he successfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the 2008 presidential election, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected Joe Biden as his running mate and they defeated Republican nominees John McCain and Sarah Palin.

As president, Obama's first-term actions addressed the 2007–2008 financial crisis and included a major stimulus package to guide the economy in recovering from the Great Recession, a partial extension of George W. Bush's tax cuts, legislation to reform health care, a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S. military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. He ordered Operation Neptune Spear, the raid that killed Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for the September 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model, expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces while encouraging greater reliance on host government militaries. He also ordered military involvement in Libya in order to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.

Obama defeated Republican opponent Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps to combat climate change, signing the Paris Agreement, a major international climate agreement; and an executive order to limit carbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiated a nuclear agreement with Iran and normalized relations with Cuba. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout his presidency. Obama promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support same-sex marriage.

Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier in historical rankings of American presidents. His presidential library in the South Side of Chicago began construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden's successful presidential bid in 2020. Outside of politics, Obama has published three books: Dreams from My Father (1995), The Audacity of Hope (2006), and A Promised Land (2020).

Early life and career

Photo of a young Obama sitting on grass with his grandfather, mother, and half-sister. — Obama (right) with grandfather Stanley Armour Dunham, mother Ann Dunham, and half-sister Maya Soetoro, mid-1970s in Honolulu

Barack Hussein Obama II^[2] was born on August 4, 1961,^[3] at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] He is the only president born outside the contiguous 48 states.^[8] He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942–1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007, it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of Moneygall, Ireland to the United States in 1850.^[9] In July 2012, Ancestry.com found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from John Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in the Colony of Virginia during the seventeenth century.^[10]^[11]^[12] Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. (1934–1982),^[13]^[14] was a married^[15]^[16]^[17] Luo Kenyan from Nyang'oma Kogelo.^[15]^[18] His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.^[19] Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.^[20]^[21] The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.^[22]^[23]

In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the University of Washington in Seattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at Harvard University, where he earned an M.A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.^[24] Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.^[25] He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,^[26] before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.^[27] Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."^[21] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.^[28]

In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro at the University of Hawaii; he was an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography. The couple married on Molokai on March 15, 1965.^[29] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the Tebet district of South Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng district of Central Jakarta.^[30]

Bibliography

Books

Obama, Barack (July 18, 1995). Dreams from My Father (1st ed.). New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-2343-8.
——————— (October 17, 2006). The Audacity of Hope (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9.
——————— (November 16, 2010). Of Thee I Sing (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-83527-8.
——————— (November 17, 2020). A Promised Land (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-5247-6316-9.^[31]

Audiobooks

2006: The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (read by the author), Random House Audio, ISBN 978-0-7393-6641-7
2020: A Promised Land (read by the author)

Articles

Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems in the inner city". Illinois Issues. XIV (8 & 9): 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663.
——————— (1990). "Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus Against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. Stallman v. Youngquist, 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)". Harvard Law Review. 103 (3): 823–828. doi:10.2307/1341352. JSTOR 1341352. Uncredited case comment.^[32]
——————— (2005). "Bound to the Word". American Libraries. 36 (7): 48–52. JSTOR 25649652.
———————; Clinton, Hillary (May 25, 2006). "Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (21): 2205–2208. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068100. PMID 16723612.
——————— (2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. 86 (4): 2–16. JSTOR 20032411.
——————— (2008). "A More Perfect Union". The Black Scholar. 38 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431. JSTOR 41069296. S2CID 219318643.
——————— (2009). "What Science Can Do". Issues in Science and Technology. 25 (4): 23–30. JSTOR 43314908.
——————— (2009). "A New Beginning". Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften (ZSE). 7 (2): 173–186. doi:10.5771/1610-7780-2009-2-173. JSTOR 26165626.
——————— (August 2, 2016). "United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps". Journal of the American Medical Association. 130 (5): 811–866. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797. PMC 5069435. PMID 27400401.
——————— (January 5, 2017). "The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 130 (3): 811–866. JSTOR 44865604.
——————— (January 13, 2017). "The Irreversible Momentum of Clean Energy". Science. 355 (6321): 126–129. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..126O. doi:10.1126/science.aam6284. PMID 28069665. S2CID 30991274.
——————— (May 2017). "Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—the Risks to American Health Care". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 72 (5): 263–264. doi:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447. S2CID 80088566.

Other

Lists

Notes

^ Pronounced /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ , bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə[1]

References

^ "Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office" on YouTube. January 20, 2009.
^ "President Barack Obama | Barack Obama Presidential Library". www.obamalibrary.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
^ "President Barack Obama". The White House. 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
^ "President Obama's Long Form Birth Certificate". whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
^ "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via National Archives.
^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
^ Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O'Bryant, Richard L. (November 12, 2013). "Introduction". American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-317-93715-9. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ "On This Day: US President Barack Obama arrives in Ireland for a visit". IrishCentral.com. May 23, 2022. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
^ ""Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 30, 2012). "Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ Hennessey, Kathleen. "Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say" , Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2012.
^ Maraniss (2012), p. 65 Archived March 5, 2024, at the Wayback Machine: He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934.
^ Liberties (2012), p. 202 Archived March 5, 2024, at the Wayback Machine: The age of his father is questionable since June 18, 1934, is on most of the documents Obama Sr. filled out for his United States student visa; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his father's birth date was June 18, 1936. Immigration and Naturalization Service records indicate the birth date to be June 18, 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. twenty-seven at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate.
^ ^a ^b Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). "President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'". NPR. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
^ Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). "Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'". Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
^ Swarns, Rachel L. (June 18, 2016). "Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
^ David R Arnott. "From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
^ Bearak, Max (June 19, 2016). "The fascinating tribal tradition that gave Obama his last name". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
^ Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 7, 2017.
^ ^a ^b
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
- Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.
^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
^
Scott (2011), p. 86.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.
^
Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.
^ Obama "Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"
^
Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.
^
Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
- Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.
^
Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
^
Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.
^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.
^ Williams, Sydney (November 17, 2020). "Former President Barack Obama's third book starts shipping today". NBC News. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
^ Ressner, Jeffrey; Smith, Ben (August 22, 2008). "Exclusive: Obama's Lost Law Review Article". Politico. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.

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Bibliography

Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-793-5.
Maraniss, David (2012). Barack Obama: The Story. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-6040-4.
Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-085820-9.
Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-8277-3.
Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9.
Scott, Janny (2011). A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-59448-797-2.

External links

Library resources about
Harej/sandbox2

By Harej/sandbox2

Official

Official website of The Obama Foundation
Official website of the Barack Obama Presidential Library
Official website of Organizing for Action
White House biography

Other

Column archive at The Huffington Post
Template:Curlie
{{Twitter}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
United States Congress. "Harej/sandbox2 (id: O000167)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Appearances on C-SPAN
Harej/sandbox2 at IMDb
Harej/sandbox2 collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Harej articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune
Works by Barack Obama at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Barack Obama at the Internet Archive
Works by Harej/sandbox2 at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
{{Nobelprize}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
Barack Obama at Politifact

[2] Pronounced /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ^ⓘ, bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə^[1]

[1] "Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office" on YouTube. January 20, 2009.

[3] "President Barack Obama | Barack Obama Presidential Library". www.obamalibrary.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-23.

[biography-4] "President Barack Obama". The White House. 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2008.

[5] "President Obama's Long Form Birth Certificate". whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.

[birth-certificate-6] "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via National Archives.

[maraniss-7] Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2008.

[8] Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.

[BarretoO'Bryant2013-9] Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O'Bryant, Richard L. (November 12, 2013). "Introduction". American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-317-93715-9. Retrieved May 8, 2017.

[10] "On This Day: US President Barack Obama arrives in Ireland for a visit". IrishCentral.com. May 23, 2022. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.

[ancestry-11] ""Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.

[12] Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 30, 2012). "Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2024.

[13] Hennessey, Kathleen. "Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say" , Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2012.

[14] Maraniss (2012), p. 65 Archived March 5, 2024, at the Wayback Machine: He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934.

[15] Liberties (2012), p. 202 Archived March 5, 2024, at the Wayback Machine: The age of his father is questionable since June 18, 1934, is on most of the documents Obama Sr. filled out for his United States student visa; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his father's birth date was June 18, 1936. Immigration and Naturalization Service records indicate the birth date to be June 18, 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. twenty-seven at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate.

[autogenerated2-16] Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). "President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'". NPR. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2020.

[17] Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). "Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'". Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2020.

[18] Swarns, Rachel L. (June 18, 2016). "Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2020.

[19] David R Arnott. "From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.

[20] Bearak, Max (June 19, 2016). "The fascinating tribal tradition that gave Obama his last name". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.

[Jones_2007-21] Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 7, 2017.

[Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-22] Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.

Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.

Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.

[23] Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.

[24] Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.

[25] Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.

[Ripley_2008-23] Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2007.

[24] Scott (2011), p. 86.
Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.

Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.

[28] Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.

[29] Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.

[25] Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.

Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.

[31] Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.

[32] Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.

[26] Obama "Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"

[27] Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.

Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.

[35] Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.

[36] Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.

[28] Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.

Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.

Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.

[38] Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.

[39] Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.

[40] Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.

[29] Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.

[42] Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.

[30] Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.

[44] Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.

[31] Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.

[32] Williams, Sydney (November 17, 2020). "Former President Barack Obama's third book starts shipping today". NBC News. Retrieved September 22, 2021.

[33] Ressner, Jeffrey; Smith, Ben (August 22, 2008). "Exclusive: Obama's Lost Law Review Article". Politico. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.

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Revision as of 18:32, 11 September 2024

Early life and career

Bibliography

Books

Audiobooks

Articles

Other

Lists

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Official

Other