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See also:
U+964D, 降
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-964D

[U+964C]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+964E]
U+FA09, 降
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA09

[U+FA08]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+FA0A]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 170, +6 in Chinese, 阜+7 in Japanese, 9 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 8 strokes in mainland China, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓中竹水手 (NLHEQ), four-corner 77254, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1349, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41620
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1852, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4126, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+964D

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : semantic (hill, wall) + phonetic (OC *ɡruːŋ, to descend) – descending a hill.

Etymology 1

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
𨹓
𡲣
𡲛

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (9)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaewngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠʌŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚɔŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kɔŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨwŋH/
Li
Rong
/kɔŋH/
Wang
Li
/kɔŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kɔŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gong3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiàng
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæwngH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁruŋ-s/ (? < *-[u]m-s)
English descend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 6279
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kruːŋs/

Definitions

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  1. to fall; to drop; to descend; to come down
      ―  jiàngluò  ―  to fall; to land
  2. (honorific) to visit; to honor with one's presence
  3. to bestow; to confer
  4. to reduce; to decrease; to lower
      ―  jiàngjià  ―  to reduce the price
  5. (music) flat ()
    A大調A大调  ―  jiàng-ēi dàdiào  ―  A-flat major
  6. to be born
  7. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Vietnamese: giáng ()

Etymology 2

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
𨹓
𡲣
𡲛

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (33)
Final () (9)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter haewng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦˠʌŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦᵚɔŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣɔŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦaɨwŋ/
Li
Rong
/ɣɔŋ/
Wang
Li
/ɣɔŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣɔŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hong4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xiáng
Middle
Chinese
‹ hæwng ›
Old
Chinese
/*m-kˁru[ŋ]/ (? < *-[u]m)
English submit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 6281
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡruːŋ/

Definitions

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  1. to surrender; to capitulate; to give in
      ―  tóuxiáng  ―  to surrender
  2. to subdue; to vanquish

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():

Etymology 3

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms 𫱔

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to etymology 1?”)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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  1. (Hakka) to give birth

Japanese

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Shinjitai
Kyūjitai
[1]

降󠄃
+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. to descend
  2. to fall
  3. to precipitate
  4. to surrender

Readings

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Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ ”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese (MC kaewngH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 가ᇰ〮 (Yale: káng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] ᄂᆞ릴 Recorded as Middle Korean (kang) (Yale: kang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 내릴 (naeril gang))

  1. hanja form? of (to come down; to descend)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese (MC haewng).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᇰ (Yale: hhàng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] 항복[1] Recorded as Middle Korean (hang) (Yale: hang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
  1. ^ 平聲

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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(eumhun 항복할 (hangbokhal hang))

  1. hanja form? of (to surrender)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [5]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: giáng[1][2][3][4][5], hàng ((hồ)(giang)(thiết))[1][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: hàng[1][2][6][4][7], giáng[2][4][7], dán[1][2], nháng[3], giuống[6]

  1. chữ Hán form of giáng (to fall; to descend).
  2. chữ Hán form of hàng (to surrender).

Compounds

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References

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