込む
Appearance
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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込 |
こ Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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混む 籠む |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「込む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
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Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
込む | こむ | [kóꜜmù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 込め | こめ | [kóꜜmè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 込まれる | こまれる | [kòmáréꜜrù] |
Causative | 込ませる | こませる | [kòmáséꜜrù] |
Potential | - | - | - |
Volitional | 込もう | こもー | [kòmóꜜò] |
Negative | 込まない | こまない | [kòmáꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 込まなかった | こまなかった | [kòmáꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 込みます | こみます | [kòmímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 込んだ | こんだ | [kóꜜǹdà] |
Conjunctive | 込んで | こんで | [kóꜜǹdè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 込めば | こめば | [kóꜜmèbà] |
Verb
[edit]込む • (komu) godan (stem 込み (komi), past 込んだ (konda))
Japanese verb pair | |
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active | 込める |
mediopassive | 込む |
- be crowded
- be complicated
- go into, go in
- put into
- become some state completely
- do thoroughly
- remain in the same state, such as remain sitting or remain silent
Usage notes
[edit]Commonly used as a light verb (second verb) in Japanese compound verbs, primarily showing emphasis, sometimes negative or violent, often with a sense of “enter” or “fill”, as in ねじ込む (nejikomu, “screw in, jam in, stuff in”).
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "込む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
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Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 込ま | こま | koma |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 込み | こみ | komi |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 込む | こむ | komu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 込む | こむ | komu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 込め | こめ | kome |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 込め | こめ | kome |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 込まれる | こまれる | komareru |
Causative | 込ませる 込ます |
こませる こます |
komaseru komasu |
Potential | 込める | こめる | komeru |
Volitional | 込もう | こもう | komō |
Negative | 込まない | こまない | komanai |
Negative continuative | 込まず | こまず | komazu |
Formal | 込みます | こみます | komimasu |
Perfective | 込んだ | こんだ | konda |
Conjunctive | 込んで | こんで | konde |
Hypothetical conditional | 込めば | こめば | komeba |
Stem forms | |||
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Irrealis (未然形) | 込ま | こま | koma |
Continuative (連用形) | 込み | こみ | komi |
Terminal (終止形) | 込む | こむ | komu |
Attributive (連体形) | 込む | こむ | komu |
Realis (已然形) | 込め | こめ | kome |
Imperative (命令形) | 込め | こめ | kome |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 込まず | こまず | komazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 込めど | こめど | komedo |
Causal conjunction | 込めば | こめば | komeba |
Conditional conjunction | 込まば | こまば | komaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 込みき | こみき | komiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 込みけり | こみけり | komikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 込みつ | こみつ | komitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 込みぬ | こみぬ | kominu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 込めり 込みたり |
こめり こみたり |
komeri komitari |
Volitional | 込まむ | こまむ | komamu |
Derived terms
[edit]- 飛び込む (tobikomu): to jump into
- 飲み込む (nomikomu): to swallow
- 冷え込む (hiekomu): to cool down
- 座り込む (suwarikomu): to sit in (protest)
- 減り込む (merikomu): to cave in, sink in
- 流し込む (nagashikomu): to pour
- 忍び込む (shinobikomu): to sneak into
- 担ぎ込む (katsugikomu): to carry into
- 意気込む (ikigomu): to be enthusiastic
- 突っ込む (tsukkomu): to thrust into
References
[edit]- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 込 read as こ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples