苦心

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	heart; mind
trad. (苦心)		苦	心
simp. ^#(苦心)		苦	心

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔxīn

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄣ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² sam¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-sim

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔxīn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔsin
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-hsin¹
  - Yale: kǔ-syīn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuushin
  - Palladius: кусинь (kusinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    苦心
    苦辛
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² sam¹
  - Yale: fú sām
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² sam¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² sem¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-sim
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-sim
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofsym
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sim³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/

Noun

苦心

pains; efforts; hard work

Adverb

苦心

with strenuous efforts; painstakingly

Descendants

一片苦心
煞費苦心／煞费苦心
皇天不負苦心人／皇天不负苦心人 (huángtiān bù fù kǔxīn rén)
苦心孤詣／苦心孤诣
苦心焦慮／苦心焦虑
苦心積慮／苦心积虑
苦心竭力
苦心經營／苦心经营 (kǔxīnjīngyíng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	心
く Grade: 3	しん Grade: 2
goon	on'yomi

Etymology

From 苦(く) (ku, “hard, energetically”) + 心(しん) (shin, “heart”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くしん [kùshíꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [2])^[1]^[2]
(Tokyo) くしん [kúꜜshìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ɕĩɴ]

Noun

苦(く)心(しん) • (kushin) ^{←くしん (kusin)^?}

pains, efforts, hard work

Derived terms

苦(く)心(しん)惨(さん)憺(たん) (kushin santan): taking great pains
苦(く)心(しん)談(だん) (kushindan): account of the hardships one has encountered

Idioms

苦(く)心(しん)を買(か)われる (kushin o kawareru): have one's labor appreciated

Verb

苦(く)心(しん)する • (kushin suru) ^{←くしん (kusin)^?}intransitive suru (stem 苦(く)心(しん)し (kushin shi), past 苦(く)心(しん)した (kushin shita))

make strenuous efforts, be at pains to, struggle to
苦(く)心(しん)して
kushin shite
with great pains

Conjugation

Conjugation of "苦心する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	苦心し	くしんし	kushin shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	苦心し	くしんし	kushin shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	苦心する	くしんする	kushin suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	苦心する	くしんする	kushin suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	苦心すれ	くしんすれ	kushin sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	苦心せよ¹ 苦心しろ²	くしんせよ¹ くしんしろ²	kushin seyo¹ kushin shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	苦心される	くしんされる	kushin sareru
Causative	苦心させる苦心さす	くしんさせるくしんさす	kushin saseru kushin sasu
Potential	苦心できる	くしんできる	kushin dekiru
Volitional	苦心しよう	くしんしよう	kushin shiyō
Negative	苦心しない	くしんしない	kushin shinai
Negative continuative	苦心せず	くしんせず	kushin sezu
Formal	苦心します	くしんします	kushin shimasu
Perfective	苦心した	くしんした	kushin shita
Conjunctive	苦心して	くしんして	kushin shite
Hypothetical conditional	苦心すれば	くしんすれば	kushin sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
苦	心

Noun

苦心 • (gosim) (hangeul 고심)

hanja form^? of 고심

[SMK7-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

苦心

Contents

Chinese

Pronunciation

Noun

Adverb

Descendants

Japanese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Idioms

Verb

Conjugation

References

Korean

Noun

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苦心

Chinese

Pronunciation

Noun

Adverb

Descendants

Japanese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Idioms

Verb

Conjugation

References

Korean

Noun

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