真空

See also: 眞空

Chinese

		real; true; genuine	emptied; leisure; air emptied; leisure; air; sky; empty; in vain
trad. (真空/眞空)		真/眞	空
simp. (真空)		真	空

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真空

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhēnkōng

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄣㄎㄨㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zan¹ hung¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chin-khong
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹tsen-khon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhēnkōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄣㄎㄨㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhenkong
  - Wade–Giles: chên¹-kʻung¹
  - Yale: jēn-kūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenkong
  - Palladius: чжэнькун (čžɛnʹkun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zan¹ hung¹
  - Yale: jān hūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzan¹ hung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: zen¹ hung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐn⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chin-khong
  - Tâi-lô: tsin-khong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cinqofng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sin³³ kʰɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹tsen-khon
  - MiniDict: tsen^平 khon
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹tsen-khon
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən⁵⁵ kʰoŋ²¹/

Middle Chinese: tsyin khuwng

Rime
Character	真	空
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	側鄰切	苦紅切
Baxter	tsyin	khuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiɪn/	/kʰuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕin/	/kʰuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjen/	/kʰuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cin/	/kʰəwŋ/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiĕn/	/kʰuŋ/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭĕn/	/kʰuŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ĕn/	/kʰuŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhēn	kōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zan¹	hung¹

Noun

真空

(physics or figuratively) vacuum
信仰真空 ― xìnyǎng zhēnkōng ― belief vacuum
(Buddhism) any phenomenon without material existence (clarification of this definition is needed)

Derived terms

政治真空 (zhèngzhì zhēnkōng)
真空包裝／真空包装 (zhēnkōng bāozhuāng)
真空床 (zhēnkōngchuáng)
真空泵 (zhēnkōngbèng)
真空管 (zhēnkōngguǎn)

Verb

真空

(neologism) to not wear underwear (partially or fully)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
真	空
しん Grade: 3	くう Grade: 1
on'yomi	goon

Alternative spelling
眞空 (kyūjitai)

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

真空

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Vacuum

Wikipedia

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

空 (仏教)

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Śūnyatā

Wikipedia

Etymology

From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 真空 (MC tsyin khuwng).

First attested in the 懐風藻 (Kaifūsō) anthology of Sinitic poetry written by Japanese authors, compiled in 751.^[1]

The modern sense of vacuum is first attested in 1876.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しんくう [shìńkúú] (Heiban – [0])^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ɕĩŋkɯ̟ː]

Adjective

真(しん)空(くう) • (shinkū) -na (adnominal 真(しん)空(くう)な (shinkū na), adverbial 真(しん)空(くう)に (shinkū ni))

(rare) vacant, empty

Usage notes

Monolingual dictionaries do not include any adjective sense,^[1]^[2]^[3] suggesting that this usage may be a recent development that is not yet considered standard.

Inflection

Inflection of 真空

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	真空だろ	しんくうだろ	shinkū daro
Continuative (連用形)	真空で	しんくうで	shinkū de
Terminal (終止形)	真空だ	しんくうだ	shinkū da
Attributive (連体形)	真空な	しんくうな	shinkū na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	真空なら	しんくうなら	shinkū nara
Imperative (命令形)	真空であれ	しんくうであれ	shinkū de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	真空ではない真空じゃない	しんくうではないしんくうじゃない	shinkū de wa nai shinkū ja nai
Informal past	真空だった	しんくうだった	shinkū datta
Informal negative past	真空ではなかった真空じゃなかった	しんくうではなかったしんくうじゃなかった	shinkū de wa nakatta shinkū ja nakatta
Formal	真空です	しんくうです	shinkū desu
Formal negative	真空ではありません真空じゃありません	しんくうではありませんしんくうじゃありません	shinkū de wa arimasen shinkū ja arimasen
Formal past	真空でした	しんくうでした	shinkū deshita
Formal negative past	真空ではありませんでした真空じゃありませんでした	しんくうではありませんでしたしんくうじゃありませんでした	shinkū de wa arimasen deshita shinkū ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	真空で	しんくうで	shinkū de
Conditional	真空なら（ば）	しんくうなら（ば）	shinkū nara (ba)
Provisional	真空だったら	しんくうだったら	shinkū dattara
Volitional	真空だろう	しんくうだろう	shinkū darō
Adverbial	真空に	しんくうに	shinkū ni
Degree	真空さ	しんくうさ	shinkūsa

Noun

真(しん)空(くう) • (shinkū)

[from 1876] (physics) vacuum: a region of space that contains no matter, a void
[from 1907] (figurative) a blank, an empty slate
- 1907, Natsume Sōseki, 虞美人草 (Gubijinsō) [The Poppy]‎^[1] (fiction):
  
  欽(きん)吾(ご)と藤(ふじ)尾(お)の事(こと)を引(ひ)き抜(ぬ)くと頭(あたま)は真(しん)空(くう)になる。
  Kingo to Fujio no koto o hikinuku to atama wa shinkū ni naru.
  Pulling out thoughts of Kingo and Fujio leave his head a blank slate.
[from 751] (Buddhism) sunyata: void, emptiness, non-existence; also, in the early Buddhist schools, enlightenment, nirvana
Synonyms: (sunyata) 空 (kū), (nirvana) 涅槃 (nehan)

Derived terms

真(しん)空(くう)管(かん) (shinkūkan, “a vacuum tube”)
真(しん)空(くう)パック (shinkū pakku, “a vacuum pack”)
真(しん)空(くう)ポンプ (shinkū ponpu, “a vacuum pump”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
真	空

Noun

真空 • (jin'gong) (hangeul 진공)

Alternative form of 眞空 (“vacuum”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
真	空

Noun

真空

chữ Hán form of chân không (“vacuum”).

[KDJ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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