بريد
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Arabic
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Already in the 6th century, from Byzantine Greek βέρηδος (bérēdos), βέρεδος (béredos, “post-horse”), from Latin verēdus.
Noun
[edit]بَرِيد • (barīd) m (plural بُرُد (burud)) (in verse also بُرْد (burd))
- post, mail, an institution to send messages, intelligence
- (archaic) messenger, courier, express, estafette, a person employed in the institution of mail or intelligence
- (obsolete) the beast by which messages are sent by the mail institution, a post-horse, post-mule or post-camel
- (obsolete) a measure of distance, a postal route
- a. 1229, Yāqūt al-Ḥamawīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, كتاب معجم البلدان [kitāb muʿjam al-buldān][1], volume 1, Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, published 1866, page 37, line 9:
- فأمّا الْبَرِيد ففيه خلاف وذهب قوم إلى أنه بالبادية اثنا عشر ميلا وبالشام وخراسان ستة أميال
- About the postal route there is disagreement. Folks believed that in the desert it is twelve miles and in Syria and Khorasan six miles.
- (obsolete, rare) post office, a stationed relay
Declension
[edit]Declension of noun بَرِيد (barīd)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | بَرِيد barīd |
الْبَرِيد al-barīd |
بَرِيد barīd |
| Nominative | بَرِيدٌ barīdun |
الْبَرِيدُ al-barīdu |
بَرِيدُ barīdu |
| Accusative | بَرِيدًا barīdan |
الْبَرِيدَ al-barīda |
بَرِيدَ barīda |
| Genitive | بَرِيدٍ barīdin |
الْبَرِيدِ al-barīdi |
بَرِيدِ barīdi |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | بَرِيدَيْن barīdayn |
الْبَرِيدَيْن al-barīdayn |
بَرِيدَيْ barīday |
| Nominative | بَرِيدَانِ barīdāni |
الْبَرِيدَانِ al-barīdāni |
بَرِيدَا barīdā |
| Accusative | بَرِيدَيْنِ barīdayni |
الْبَرِيدَيْنِ al-barīdayni |
بَرِيدَيْ barīday |
| Genitive | بَرِيدَيْنِ barīdayni |
الْبَرِيدَيْنِ al-barīdayni |
بَرِيدَيْ barīday |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | بُرُد burud |
الْبُرُد al-burud |
بُرُد burud |
| Nominative | بُرُدٌ burudun |
الْبُرُدُ al-burudu |
بُرُدُ burudu |
| Accusative | بُرُدًا burudan |
الْبُرُدَ al-buruda |
بُرُدَ buruda |
| Genitive | بُرُدٍ burudin |
الْبُرُدِ al-burudi |
بُرُدِ burudi |
Derived terms
[edit]- سَاعِي بَرِيدٍ (sāʕī barīdin, “postman”)
- بَرِيدِيّ (barīdiyy, “postal; postmaster; courier”)
- أَبْرَدَ (ʔabrada, “to sent onto the way as a courier; to send a courier to; to send by way of post”)
References
[edit]More information
- Bernburg, Lutz Richter and EIr (2012-02-23) “Greece xiv. Greek Loanwords in Medieval New Persian”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York, embraces Zimmern’s etymology.
- Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 122, recognizes the Latin origin but assumes a Classical Syriac **ܒܪܝܕܐ (**brīdā) mediary which is denied by Ullmann, Manfred (1997) Zur Geschichte des Wortes barīd „Post“ [About the history of the word barīd ‘post’] (Beiträge zur Lexikographie des Klassischen Arabisch; 13)[2] (in German), München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission bei der C.H.Beck’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung, →ISBN, page 8 footnote 19 by information from Rainer Degen that it is a dis legomenon transcription for all what is attested of the term in Aramaic, “bˀrwd2”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, “byryd”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–.
- Ekbal, Kamran (1983) “sursat – Eine Untersuchung zum persischen Steuerwesen in der Kadscharenzeit”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft[3] (in German), volume 133, page 150, repeats after Alois Sprenger 1864 who only relates the common story the etymology from Persian بریده (borida, “docked”) and after Sourdel and Frye the Assyrian one.
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “بريد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[4], London: Williams & Norgate, page 185, introduces another false etymology connecting the word to Hebrew פֶּרֶד (péreḏ, “mule, hinny”).
- Quatremère, Étienne Marc (1845) Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte. Tome second, deuzième partie.[5] (in French), Paris: Oriental Translation Fund, pages 87–92 footnote 34, already recognized the Roman derivation and refuted Medieval folk-etymologies of which the most persisting is that the word would be related to Persian بریده (burîda, “docked, having the tail clipped”) because the post-horses were marked so by Darius the Great or similar – according to which legend some Persian king according to Yāqūt al-Ḥamawīy (a. 1229) Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, editor, كتاب معجم البلدان [kitāb muʿjam al-buldān][6] (in Arabic), volume 1, Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, published 1866, page 37 line 19 seqq. marked horses of couriers for them to be recognized and provided for by governors.
- Sourdel, Dominique (1960) “Barīd”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Second Edition, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, pages 1045–1046, confused as a mere compilator, derives the Arabic from Byzantine and Latin but that from perhaps Assyrian, apparently not knowing its origin in Proto-Celtic *uɸoreidos (“horse”). In the glossary page 182 they suggest that the Assyrian word derives from Latin.
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “بريد”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[7], London: W.H. Allen, page 121
- Ullmann, Manfred (1997) Zur Geschichte des Wortes barīd „Post“ [About the history of the word barīd ‘post’] (Beiträge zur Lexikographie des Klassischen Arabisch; 13)[8] (in German), München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission bei der C.H.Beck’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung, →ISBN, tracks the history of the word by two hundred quotes.
- Wehr, Hans (1979) “بريد”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 64
- Zimmern, Heinrich (1915) Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss (in German), Leipzig: A. Edelmann, page 7 knows the Roman derivation but following the topic of his book to list as many Akkadian cultural influences as possible throws out the idea of a borrowing from Akkadian 𒉽𒄬 (PAP.ḪAL /purīdu/, “leg; roaming one”, in the literal sense as well as in the sense of messenger), which comes from 𒄷𒄭 (MUD /parādu/, “to be terrified, to be scared; to be disturbed, to not rest, to keep moving; to run at full speed, to hastily get away, to move urgently”).
Etymology 2
[edit]Apparently from بَرَدَ (barada, “to cut off”).
Noun
[edit]بَرِيد • (barīd) m
- crumb, piece of bread eaten to a stew for volume
- 577 AH / 1181–82 CE, ابن هشام اللخمي [Ibn Hišām al-Laḵmiyy], edited by José Pérez Lázaro, الْمَدْخَلُ إِلَى تَقْوِيمِ اللِسَانِ وَتَعْلِيمِ الْبَيَانِ (al-madḵalu ʔilā taqwīmi l-lisāni wataʕlīmi l-bayāni) [Introducción a la corrección del lenguaje y la enseñanza de la elocuencia] (Fuentes Arábico-Hispanas; 6), volume I, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, published 1990, →ISBN, page 316 Nr. 468:
- وقولون البَرِيدُ لخبز يلقى عليه الماء تَطْعَمُةُ النِّسَاءُ لِلسُّمْنَةِ. والصّوَاب الْمَبْرُودُ.
- They call barīd the bread thrown into the water the women eat for volume. The right is mabrūd.
Declension
[edit]Declension of noun بَرِيد (barīd)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | بَرِيد barīd |
الْبَرِيد al-barīd |
بَرِيد barīd |
| Nominative | بَرِيدٌ barīdun |
الْبَرِيدُ al-barīdu |
بَرِيدُ barīdu |
| Accusative | بَرِيدًا barīdan |
الْبَرِيدَ al-barīda |
بَرِيدَ barīda |
| Genitive | بَرِيدٍ barīdin |
الْبَرِيدِ al-barīdi |
بَرِيدِ barīdi |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | بَرِيدَيْن barīdayn |
الْبَرِيدَيْن al-barīdayn |
بَرِيدَيْ barīday |
| Nominative | بَرِيدَانِ barīdāni |
الْبَرِيدَانِ al-barīdāni |
بَرِيدَا barīdā |
| Accusative | بَرِيدَيْنِ barīdayni |
الْبَرِيدَيْنِ al-barīdayni |
بَرِيدَيْ barīday |
| Genitive | بَرِيدَيْنِ barīdayni |
الْبَرِيدَيْنِ al-barīdayni |
بَرِيدَيْ barīday |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | بُرُد burud |
الْبُرُد al-burud |
بُرُد burud |
| Nominative | بُرُدٌ burudun |
الْبُرُدُ al-burudu |
بُرُدُ burudu |
| Accusative | بُرُدًا burudan |
الْبُرُدَ al-buruda |
بُرُدَ buruda |
| Genitive | بُرُدٍ burudin |
الْبُرُدِ al-burudi |
بُرُدِ burudi |
Pashto
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Noun
[edit]بريد • (brid) m
See also
[edit]- برید کول (“to attack”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]بريد • (buríd) m
Categories:
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- ar:Breads
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