-ku-
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ku"
Chichewa
[edit]Infix
[edit]-ku-
- Forms the present tense in verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]This tense is used in a present continuous sense, and contrasts with the habitual of -ma-.
Garo
[edit]Affix
[edit]-ku-
- yet, indicates that the action is still happening.
Swahili
[edit]| Other scripts | |
|---|---|
| Ajami | ـكُـ |
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Infix
[edit]-ku-
- (with negative subject concord) negative past tense marker
- Antonym: -li-
- Sikukisoma. ― I did not read it.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of -ku-
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | siku- | hatuku- | |
| 2nd person | huku- | hamku- | |
| 3rd person | m-wa(I/II) | haku- | hawaku- |
| m-mi(III/IV) | hauku- | haiku- | |
| ji-ma(V/VI) | haliku- | hayaku- | |
| ki-vi(VII/VIII) | hakiku- | haviku- | |
| n(IX/X) | haiku- | haziku- | |
| u(XI) | hauku- | see n(X) or ma(VI) | |
| ku(XV/XVII) | hakuku- | ||
| pa(XVI) | hapaku- | ||
| mu(XVIII) | hamku- | ||
| For more information, see Appendix:Swahili verbs. | |||
See also
[edit]| Swahili TAM markers | |
|---|---|
| Initial | |
| Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
| Negative infinitive | kuto- |
| Habitual | hu-1 |
| Telegrammic | ka-1 |
| Final | |
| General (positive indicative) | -a |
| Positive subjunctive | -e |
| Negative present | -i |
| Second person plural | -ni |
| Infix position positive subject concord | |
| Positive past | -li- |
| Positive present | -na- |
| Positive future | -ta- |
| Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
| Positive present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative present conditional | -singe- |
| Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
| Negative past conditional | -singali- |
| Gnomic | -a-1 |
| Perfect | -me- |
| "Already" past | -lisha- |
| "Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
| "If/When" | -ki-1 |
| "If not" | -sipo- |
| Consecutive | -ka-1 |
| Infix position negative subject concord | |
| Negative past | -ku-1 |
| Negative future | -ta- |
| "Not yet" | -ja-1 |
| Negative present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
| Relative | |
| Past | -li- |
| Present | -na- |
| Future | -taka- |
| Negative | -si- |
| 1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. | |
Etymology 2
[edit]Infix
[edit]-ku-
- you, 2st person singular object concord
- Ninakupenda. ― I like you.
- 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi[1], translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, , pages 243–249, stanza 11:
- مُيُ وَاغُ نِنِ هُزُدُكَانِ ، لِكُغُرِيِلُ هِيْلَ نِنْنِ ،
- Moyo wangu nini huzundukani, likughuriyelo hela ni-n'ni?
- Soul, why not awake? Hi! what is it that cheats you?
- (with suffix -ni) you, y'all; 2st person plural object concord
- Synonym: -wa-
- Ninakupendeni. ― I like y'all.
See also
[edit]Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class(I/II))
| Number | Person | Independent | Subject concord | Object concord | Combined forms | Possessive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | na | ndi- | si- | |||||
| Singular | First | mimi | ni- | si- | -ni- | nami, na mimi | ndimi, ndiye | simi, siye | -angu |
| Second | wewe | u- | hu- | -ku- | nawe, na wewe | ndiwe, ndiye | siwe, siye | -ako | |
| Third | yeye | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | naye, na yeye | ndiye | siye | -ake | |
| Plural | First | sisi | tu- | hatu- | -tu- | nasi, na sisi | ndisi, ndio | sio | -etu |
| Second | ninyi | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -wa- | nanyi, na ninyi | ndinyi, ndio | sinyi, sio | -enu | |
| Third | wao | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | nao | ndio | sio | -ao | |
| Reflexive | — | — | -ji- | — | — | ||||
| For a full table including other classes, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. | |||||||||
Etymology 3
[edit]Infix
[edit]-ku-
- there, ku class(XVII) object concord
See also
[edit]Swahili verbal concords (third person)
| Class | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | |||
| m(I) | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
| wa(II) | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
| m(III) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| mi(IV) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| ji(V) | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
| ma(VI) | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
| ki(VII) | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
| vi(VIII) | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
| n(IX) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| n(X) | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
| u(XI) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| ku(XV/XVII) | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
| pa(XVI) | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
| mu(XVIII) | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
| For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. | ||||
Etymology 4
[edit]From the infinitive prefix ku-.
Interfix
[edit]-ku-