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3-lit.
- (transitive) to address (someone); to direct speech to [since the Middle Kingdom]
- (transitive) to question (someone), including to question (someone) judicially; to direct questions to [since the Middle Kingdom]
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 13–17:
- jꜥ tw jmj mw ḥr ḏbꜥw.k jḫ wšb.k wšd.t(w).k mdw.k n nswt jb.k m-ꜥ.k wšb.k nn njtjt
- Wash yourself, put water on your fingers,
so you might answer when you are addressed, speak to the king with your mind in your possession, and answer without stammering.
- (transitive) to welcome (someone) with words or a gesture, to salute [since the Middle Kingdom]
- (transitive) to esteem, to honor (someone) (+ ḥr: because of) [since the Middle Kingdom]
- (intransitive, of gods, in formulaic oracular pronouncements) to assent, to agree [21st Dynasty]
Conjugation of wšd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wšd, geminated stem: wšdd
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
wšd
|
wšdw, wšd
|
wšdt
|
wšd
|
wšd
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
wšd
|
ḥr wšd
|
m wšd
|
r wšd
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
wšd.n
|
wšdw, wšd
|
consecutive
|
wšd.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
wšdt
|
| perfective3
|
wšd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
wšd.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
wšd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
wšd
|
wšdd
|
potentialis1
|
wšd.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
wšd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
wšd.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
wšd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
wšd
|
wšd, wšdw5, wšdy5
|
| imperfective
|
wšd, wšdy, wšdw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
wšd, wšdj6, wšdy6
|
wšd, wšdw5
|
| prospective
|
wšd, wšdtj7
|
—
|
wšdtj4, wšdt4
|
- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wšd
|
|
|
|
|
|
| wšd
|
wšd
|
wšd
|
wšdt
|
wšd
|
| [Middle Kingdom]
|
[since the Middle Kingdom]
|
[19th and 20th Dynasties]
|
[19th and 20th Dynasties]
|
[Late Period]
|
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
in hieratic
|
- “wšd (lemma ID 50700)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 375.7–375.15
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 71
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 273.
